When it is not negative. Negative particles “not” and “nor”: rules, examples. Implicit definitions. Techniques that replace definition

NEGATIVE

NEGATIVE

NEGATIVE, negative, negative.

2. Evidence of the absence of something, the opposite of what is expected; ant. positive (scientific book). The experiment gave negative results.

3. Unfavorable, unsympathetic, hostile; ant. positive Negative feedback on the essay. A negative attitude towards something. To have a negative (adv.) attitude towards something.

4. Disapproving, bad. Negative action. Negative types in the novel. Negative character traits.

5. Built on negations, based on concepts that deny something (scientific). Negative definition. Negative method of proof.

6. Less than zero, which is a value taken with a minus sign (mat.). Negative numbers. Negative value.

7. adj., by meaning associated with that type of electricity, the constituent material particles (atoms) of which are called electrons; ant. positive (physical). Negative electric charge.

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Antonyms:

See what “NEGATIVE” is in other dictionaries:

See thin... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. negative bad, thin; bad, shady, abusive, abusive, what the hell, less than zero, critical, bad... Synonym dictionary

NEGATIVE, oh, oh; flax, flax. 1. Containing a negation, rejecting something. O. answer. O. result. O. review of the work. Negative sentence (in grammar: a sentence containing a negation before or as part of a predicate) ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (negative) A number less than zero, which is written as follows: x0 or x–0. x0 means that x is strictly negative, i.e. always less than zero; x –0 means that x is negative in a less strict sense, including... ... Economic dictionary

negative- 1. A crystal containing a cavity, the shape of which coincides with one of the possible crystalline forms of the mineral. 2. An anisotropic crystal in which the refractive index of the extraordinary ray is greater than that of the ordinary ray. [English Russian... Technical Translator's Guide

Adj., used. compare often Morphology: negative, negative, negative, negative; more negative; adv. negative 1. An answer, gesture, etc. is called negative when it implies refusal or disagreement. The jury gave... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

negative- oh, oh; flax, flax 1) Expressing denial, rejecting something. Negative answer. Negative decision. They do not take an oath under any circumstances and before the court, they are content with affirmative or negative testimony (Granovsky). Antonyms:… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language

negative- ▲ reducing integrity positive negative incompatible with necessity; associated with absence; reducing the integrity of the system (# beginning). negativity inconsistency of elements. bad (# influence). bad...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

negative- time to lose negative, Neg, use of time the action is lost, subject, negative time to lose negative, use of the voice broke change, subject, negative the matter is complicated by change, passive on xia, ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

I adj. 1. Denying something, rejecting the content of a question or request. Ant: affirmative 2. Indicative of the absence of something or inconsistent with something expected. 3. Built on denials, based on those denying that... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, negative,... ... Forms of words

Books

• Strategy. Negative rating, Mazin Alexander Vladimirovich. Big game. Strategy. Entering it is not enough. We have to survive in it. In one of three worlds available to beginners. In the Viking world of Midgard. In the world of mutants, radiation and hostile clans of the Dying...

A negative definition does not reveal the concept being defined. It indicates what an object is not without indicating what it is. This is, for example, the definition of “Comparison is not proof.” However, this rule does not apply to the definition of negative concepts. “An atheist is a person who does not recognize the existence of God,” “Orphan property is property that does not have an owner or the owner of which is unknown” are examples of correct definitions.

Implicit definitions. Techniques that replace definition

Using definitions through genus and species difference, most concepts can be defined. However, for some concepts this technique is not suitable. Extremely broad concepts (categories) cannot be defined through genus and specific difference, since they do not have a genus. Single concepts cannot be defined through the nearest genus and specific difference, since they do not have specific differences. In these cases, they resort to implicit definitions, as well as to techniques that replace the definition.

Implicit definitions include definition through relation tion to its opposite, contextual, ostensive and some others. The first of these definitions is widely used in defining philosophical categories. For example: “Freedom is a recognized necessity”; “Possibility is potential reality”; “Reality is a realized possibility.” IN contextual definition the content of a concept is revealed in a relatively independent passage of written or oral speech (context). For example, the concept of “categorical” can be established in the context of “In my letters, I ask you only for a categorical, direct answer - yes or no” (Chekhov).

Ostensive (from the Latin word ostendo - “show”) is a definition that establishes the meaning of a term by demonstrating the object denoted by the term. These definitions are used to characterize objects accessible to direct perception. For example, when familiarizing yourself with forensic equipment, they demonstrate the contents of investigative kits (instruments, instruments, devices for detecting, recording and removing traces; accessories intended for photographing, etc.), denoting each item with the appropriate term.

The ostensive definition is also used to characterize the simplest properties of things: color, smell, taste, etc.

In some cases they are used techniques that replace definition: comparison, description, characteristics.

With help comparisons one object is compared with another that is similar in some respect. This technique is used to figuratively characterize an object.

Vivid comparisons made by philosophers, writers, and scientists are widely known. “Books are majestic beacons in the ocean of time” (F. Nietzsche), “The Word is the commander of human power” (V. Mayakovsky), “A specialist is like flux: its completeness is one-sided” (K. Prutkov). A.S. Pushkin compared the poet's glory to a bright patch on the singer's shabby rags.

Comparison helps to establish not only similar features, but also features that distinguish one object from other similar objects. For example, when searching for stolen property, special signs play an important role: a monogram or engraving on a watch, etc.

Task descriptions is to most accurately and completely indicate the characteristics of an object (person, event, place where it occurred, etc.).

Description is widely used in fiction. IN " The captain's daughter» A.S. Pushkin gave the following description of Pugachev: “He was about forty years old, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed streaks of gray; the lively big eyes kept darting around. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression. The hair was cut into a circle; he was wearing a tattered overcoat and Tatar trousers.”

Description plays an important role in investigative practice, for example, when examining a crime scene. The investigator, when drawing up a protocol, must strive for the most complete description, recording not only what is connected with the event, but also what may not be connected with it.

For example, when examining the place where the body of a murdered woman was found, the investigator, drawing up a report, described in detail the vacant lot where the corpse was found, pointing out, in particular, that the soil in the vacant lot was clayey and viscous after recent rains. It was this detail that played an important role in exposing the killer. Clay was found on the suspect's shoes. Forensic examination established the homogeneity of this clay with clay taken from the crime scene.

Characteristic consists of indicating the distinctive characteristic features of a single object (person, event, etc.).

Characterizing, for example, Pugachev, it would be necessary to indicate that he was a Don Cossack, a participant in the Seven Years and Russian-Turkish Wars, a cornet, leader of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, and showed outstanding organizational skills.

Characterization is often used in judicial speeches, in investigative practice, when resolving personnel issues, etc. For example, A.F. Koni characterizes the personality of the accused as follows: “Let’s take a look at the personal character of the defendant... This is a strong, decisive, courageous character... A “mischievous” person, restless, does not like to let anyone down... In home life, this person is not particularly gentle, not allowing his mother to cry when he is being taken into custody... This is a man accustomed to rule and command those who submit to him, aloof from his comrades, proud, non-drinker, precise and neat. So, this character is concentrated, strong and firm...” .

A characteristic can only indicate one characteristic that is important in any respect. For example, K. Marx called Aristotle “the greatest thinker of antiquity”; THEM. Sechenov, according to I.P. Pavlova, “the father of Russian physiology.”

It would be difficult for us to refuse anything if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most commonly used functional parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We’ll talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as its varieties, in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. These include the negative particle. However, this is not the only variety of this group.

There are also the following:

• Forming the form: let, would, come on.
• Interrogative: really, really, really.
• Exclamation marks: how, what.
• Requirement: then, ka, s.
• Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Nor"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write “neither”:

• When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

1. There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn’t see a single fish in the lake.

In the second sentence the negation is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the fishermen did not observe any fish at all in the reservoir, absolutely none.

• In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent clause.

For example: Everywhere I went, I thought about the sea.

I can’t learn the rules, no matter how hard I try.

• When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were completed by Petya on time.

• There is no predicate. Very often you can substitute the words “impossible” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is reinforcement.

"Not"

This auxiliary part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Let's consider other cases when “not” is a negative particle:

• A double “not” is pronounced when making a statement.

For example: I couldn’t help but say this. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

• In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise we also write “not”:

How can you not admire this city! What color did not the sky flicker during a thunderstorm?

It is worth distinguishing between the spellings of “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, everything depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: no one, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without emphasis: Not at all, NOT for anyone, NOT about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed precisely from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: not doing - not doing, not sunbathing - not sunbathing.

However, there are cases when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Let's look at an example: To be indignant about the rain - to shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is easiest for students to remember, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, noun, as well as adj. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

• Forming an antonym with “not”. For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, handsome - ugly, few - a lot.
• Impossibility of using words without “not”: Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

“Not” is written separately if:

• There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed by the conjunction “a”. For example: The man turned out to be not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
• Denial is emphasized: It was not my mother (but someone else) who called on the phone. We came not in the evening, but at night.
• There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not at all tall. My sister is by no means a sneak.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you won’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when a negative particle is written “not” rather than “neither” is when it is used with participles. Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form phrases using dependent words. In the case when it is used specifically as part of a phrase, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a bad mark. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. IN in this case it is included in which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no revolution, the participle changes its spelling. Let's look at an example: The exercise remains uncompleted.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the participle does not have any dependent words with it. This means that there is no reason to write it with the particle separately.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained uncompleted by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial phrase (by the disciples). In such a situation, we will write it separately from “not”.

Well, and, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle is not used without this particle, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Conclusion

In this article, we looked at the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it plays other roles. It should not be confused with “neither”: they have various features spelling. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative and exclamatory sentences we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.