Sentences in which are called complete. Incomplete sentences. What is the sentence: In the summer, Anechka was rarely sick, and in the late autumn and winter - often

Characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (major or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

This is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, and rumor itself remains rumor (Tvardovsky) (there is no verb connective in the second part of the compound sentence).

The three of us began to talk as if we had known each other for centuries (Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me? (B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed. also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream (A.N. Tolstoy). There is an old leather sofa in the corner (Simonov). Terkin goes further, the author follows (Tvardovsky). To the barrier! (Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogical incomplete sentences.

Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. [Neschastlivtsev:] Where and from where? [Schastlivtsev:] From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? [Neschastlivtsev:] From Kerch to Vologda (A. Ostrovsky).

§1. Incomplete sentences. Distinguishing between complete and incomplete sentences

In speech, especially in colloquial and artistic speech, incomplete sentences are common. Sentences in which any part of the sentence is missing are called incomplete. It is usually easy to recover from the context or communication situation.

Where is Dimka?
- Walking.

Walking. - incomplete sentence, missing subject.

Both main and minor members of the sentence can be missing.

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete sentences from one-part sentences. In cases where any member of a sentence is missing in an incomplete sentence, it is easily restored. This cannot be done in one-part sentences, because these are complete sentences that have a structural feature. Let's compare:

How are you feeling?

Fine. - two-part, incomplete. Wed: I feel good.- two-part, complete.

Fine!- a one-part, impersonal sentence.

Can one-part sentences be incomplete?

They can if they are missing a word that can be easily recovered from the context.

What is your name?

Anna.- a one-part sentence, incomplete. Wed: My name is Anna.- one-part, indefinitely personal, complete.

Incompleteness can occur in both simple and complex sentences. Often words are omitted to avoid repetition. A dash is placed in place of the gap:

On Monday he came early, and on Tuesday only for dinner.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

What is the offer: In the summer, Anechka was rarely sick, but in the late autumn and winter - often.?
- complete
- incomplete
What is the offer: All the guys in the ensemble dance beautifully, but Ira is worse: she recently started dancing.?
- complete
- incomplete
What is the offer: When will you return from work?
- complete
- incomplete
What is the offer: What a beauty!?
- complete
- incomplete
What is the offer: How many mushrooms!?
- complete
- incomplete
-When will Ivan return? -Soon.?
- complete
- incomplete
What is the sentence in the dialogue response: -When will Ivan return? -He hasn't called yet.?
- complete
- incomplete
They are divided into complete and incomplete. If no (major or minor) members are missing, this is a complete sentence: The trees rustled alarmingly outside the window. If one of the necessary members is missing, then such a proposal is called incomplete.
Incomplete sentences, their signs
The main signs of an incomplete sentence are the following:
1. In an incomplete sentence, the missing members are easily restored from the context by any of the participants in the situation or conversation. So, for example, if a group of people is waiting for someone from their company, then the phrase: “He’s coming!” It will be clear to them. The subject is easily restored from the situation: Artem is coming!
2. Incomplete sentences are confirmed by the presence in them of words dependent on the missing member: She became prettier, blossomed, just a miracle! The meaning of this construction can only be restored from the previous sentence: I met Anna yesterday.
3. It is quite common to use an incomplete sentence as one of the parts of a complex sentence: Anton is capable of a lot, you are capable of nothing! In the second part of this complex non-conjunctive sentence, an incomplete construction is visible, in which the predicate ( You are not capable of anything.)
Remember that an incomplete sentence is a variant of a complete one.
Dialogue with incomplete sentences

These types of sentences are especially common in dialogues. For example:
What will you be when you grow up?
An artist.
In the second sentence, the meaning will not be clear without the previous phrase. Formally it should sound: I'll be an artist. But the speaker simplifies the structure of the sentence, reducing it to one word, thus making speech more dynamic, which is one of the signs of a conversational dialogic structure. But it is important to remember that there are also unsaid sentences that are not incomplete. This is a thought interrupted for one reason or another: I think I know what to do! What if... No, it won’t work!(In this sentence, the missing word is not restored.)
Incomplete sentences: their options

Both two-part and one-part sentences, common and non-common, can act as incomplete sentences. And the possibility of missing words, as mentioned before, is explained by the ease of recovering them from the speech situation, the structure of the sentence itself (we are talking about complex sentences) or from the context. Incomplete sentences are typical for spoken language. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences that have one main member. By the way, even such sentences may be incomplete:
Where are you going?
To the party.
In this dialogue, only the first sentence is complete: definitely personal, one-part. And the next two are incomplete one-part ones. Let's add them: I'm going (where?) to a party - definitely personal; (wow!) good - impersonal.
Incomplete sentences: examples of punctuation
A dash often serves as a punctuation signal that we have an incomplete sentence. It is placed in the place of the missing word. As a rule, it is due to the presence of an intonation pause here: My friend was standing on the right, and an unfamiliar guy was on the left.(the word “stood” is missing). On the windowsill there is dried geranium in a pot(the word “was” was missing).

From the point of view of completeness of the structure, sentences are divided into full And incomplete.
Full sentences that contain all the members necessary to express a thought are called.
Incomplete are called sentences in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing.
Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.
The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from context .
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.
He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan.
- Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin!».
May be missed:
- subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How Tatyana has changed!);
He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored using the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God again!”) (N.V. Gogol);
- addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);
- predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards.(M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
- several members of a sentence at once , including grammatical basis: How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)
Incomplete sentences are common as part of complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language., in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is developed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)
Among dialogical sentences, a distinction is made between sentences that are replicas and sentences that are answers to questions.
1. Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. Replies that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are lexically and grammatically based on the first replicas.
For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- They will kill.
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.
They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Are you spending the night or living?
- I'll take a look there...(M.G.);
- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?
“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.);
Can be answers to a question that requires only confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Were these your poems published in Pionerka yesterday?
- My(S. Bar.);
- Did Nikolai show it to Stepanych? - asked the father.
- Showed(S. Bar.);
- Maybe we need to get something? Bring it?
- You don’t need anything(Pan.).
Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- Do you like it or not? - he asked abruptly.
“I like it,” he said. a (Pan.).
And finally, with answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?
- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.)
and answers and questions:

- I came here to propose to you.
- Offer? To me?(Ch.).
Questions and answers are lexically and structurally so closely related to each other that they often form something like a single complex sentence, where the question clause resembles a conditional clause.
For example:
- What if they break during sowing?
- Then, as a last resort, we’ll make homemade ones(G. Nik.).
Dialogical speech, regardless of what structural types of sentences make up it, has its own patterns of construction, caused by the conditions of its formation and purpose: each replica is created in the process of direct communication and therefore has a two-way communicative orientation. Many syntactic features of dialogue are associated precisely with the phenomenon of speaking, the intermittent exchange of statements: this is laconicism, formal incompleteness, semantic and grammatical originality of the compatibility of replicas with each other, structural interdependence.
Elliptical sentences
In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc.
Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.
Punctuation in an incomplete sentence
In an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence, in place of the missing member (usually predicate) a dash is added , if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the omission.
For example:
They stood opposite each other: he, confused and embarrassed, she, with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, if there is no pause, there is no dash. For example: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below him is a stream of lighter azure, above him is a golden ray of sun.
The dash is placed:
1. A dash is placed in place of the zero predicate in elliptical sentences divided by a pause into two components - the adverbial and the subjects.
For example:
They stick together at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway there is a birch forest(Boon.); In a large room on the second floor of a wooden house there are long tables, above which hang kerosene lightning lamps with pot-bellied glass.(Kav.).
This punctuation mark is especially stable when the parts of a sentence are structurally parallel: There are eleven horses in the yard, and in the stall there is a gray stallion, angry, heavy, busty(Boon.); A wide ravine, on one side - huts, on the other - a manor(Boon.); Ahead is a deserted September day. Ahead - lost in this huge world of fragrant foliage, grass, autumn withering, calm waters, clouds, low sky(Paust.).
2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are missing. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the missing member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.
For example:
It was getting dark, and the clouds were either parting or setting in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, from behind the Khvoshchina estate, from behind the slopes above the river valley , - dull blue, in dusty streaks of rain, through which the mountains of distant clouds glowed pink(Boon.).
Compare the possibility of skipping a dash in everyday speech: They both started talking at once, one about cows, the other about sheep, but the words did not reach Kuzemkin’s consciousness(White).
3. A dash is placed when members of a sentence are omitted, restored in the context of dialogue lines or adjacent sentences.

For example: Do you like green onion pies? I am like passion!(M.G.); In another room, a jeweler's workshop has been recreated. In the third there is a shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth there is an ordinary water mill. The fifth shows the setting of a hut where shepherds make cheese. In the sixth there is simply the setting of a peasant hut. In the seventh there is the setting of a hut where these same chergs and halishte were woven. All this has been skillfully recreated(Sol.).
4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of subject, object, circumstance and constructed according to the following schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc.
For example: All wells are operational; The microphone has a heart!; Book - by mail; Grades - for knowledge; You have the key to the university; Following the record - an accident; Trains – “green”!; First of all, efficiency.

Incomplete sentence
A sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (main or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

This is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, but rumor remains rumor(Tvardovsky) (there is no verb link in the second part of the complex sentence). The three of us started talking as if we had known each other for centuries(Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me?(B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical sentence. An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream(A.N. Tolstoy). There is an old leather sofa in the corner(Simonov). Terkin - next, the author - next(Tvardovsky). To the barrier!(Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogical incomplete sentences. Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. (Neschastlivtsev:) Where and where? (Schastlivtsev:) From Vologda to Kerch... And you, sir? (Neschastlivtsev:) From Kerch to Vologda(A. Ostrovsky).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “incomplete sentence” is in other dictionaries:
Books
- Russian language. 8th grade. Tests, Antonova S.V. , Gulyakova T.I. The tests presented in the manual are compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, and gymnasiums. Edition… Category: Collections of dictations, presentations, tests (grades 5-11) Series: Examinations of the test form Publisher:

Sentences in which are called complete. Incomplete sentences. What is the sentence: In the summer, Anechka was rarely sick, and in the late autumn and winter - often

Test of strength

Final test

What is the offer: In the summer, Anechka was rarely sick, but in the late autumn and winter - often.?

What is the offer: All the guys in the ensemble dance beautifully, but Ira is worse: she recently started dancing.?

What is the offer: When will you return from work?

What is the offer: What a beauty!?

What is the offer: How many mushrooms!?

-When will Ivan return? -Soon.?

What is the sentence in the dialogue response: -When will Ivan return? -He hasn't called yet.?

See what an “incomplete sentence” is in other dictionaries:

Books