Social policy regarding older people and disabled people. Coursework: State social policy in relation to pensioners Social policy in relation to elderly citizens

Section PM 1. Application of legal frameworks in social work with the elderly and disabled.
Name of academic discipline PM.00. Professional modules, PM.01 “Social work with the elderly and disabled”

MDK 01.01. “Socio-legal and legislative foundations of social work with the elderly and disabled”
Subject: State social policy of the Russian Federation regarding the elderly and disabled.

Specialty 040401 “Social work”, correspondence course, basic training
Course 2 Semester 3 Lecture No. 1 Group 203
Type of lesson - Lecture

Type of lesson – learning new material

Teacher: Lonshakova Oksana Nikolaevna

Lecture outline

1. The essence of the state social policy of the Russian Federation regarding the elderly and disabled. main tasks and principles.

2. Main objectives and principles, mechanisms for implementing the state social policy of the Russian Federation in relation to the elderly and disabled.
Contents of the lecture

In any socially oriented state, care for vulnerable groups of the population is an integral element of state policy. Article 7 of the Constitution proclaims the Russian Federation as “a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people.” One of the stages of a person’s life is old age, when a person, for objective reasons, does not have the opportunity to provide for a decent existence or this opportunity is significantly limited. Therefore, one of the tasks of the state is to create an effective mechanism that allows this category of the population to realize their Constitutional Right to a dignified old age. Such a mechanism - social policy in relation to pensioners - is a set of legal, economic and organizational institutions and norms created by the state with the goal of providing citizens with material security in the form of a pension benefit. It should also be noted that material support is required not only by older people, but also by citizens who have lost sources of income due to disability, loss of a breadwinner, etc.

In the broad sense of the word, social is usually called everything that directly relates to society, people, and their lives. At the same time, there is a narrower area of economics that is directly related to social phenomena and is called the social sphere. The social sphere usually includes objects and processes, types of various activities that are directly related to and related to people’s lifestyle, the population’s consumption of material and spiritual goods, services, and meeting the final needs of an individual, family, team, groups, and society as a whole.

Social policy includes a system of practical measures carried out by the government through local and regional authorities, aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of large social groups, financed from the state budget and corresponding either to the ideological guidelines of the state at the moment, or to the value orientations of society in the long term. . Social policy is an integral part of the general strategy of the state, relating to the social sphere: targeted activities to develop and implement decisions directly related to a person and his position in society; to provide it with social guarantees, taking into account the characteristics of various groups of the country's population, the social policy pursued by the government, all branches and authorities, based on broad public support, is intended to accumulate, focus, and reflect the situation in the country and the situation in society, the needs and goals of social development. The objectives of social policy include stimulating economic growth and subordinating production to the interests of consumption, strengthening labor motivation and business entrepreneurship, ensuring an adequate standard of living and social protection of the population, preserving cultural and natural heritage, national identity and identity. To effectively carry out its regulatory functions, the state has such powerful levers of influence as the country's legislation, the national budget, and the system of taxes and duties. The experience of most countries in the world confirms: despite all the objective dependence of the solution of social problems on the economic and political situation in the country, social policy is independent, capable of, through its own means, helping to improve the level of well-being of the population, and exert a stimulating influence on the desire of citizens for social progress. In modern conditions, social policy should be a priority for the power structures of any state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 114) establishes: The government ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the country in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology. The main direction of policy in the social sphere is caring for people, creating conditions for a decent life and comprehensive development. The current situation in Russian society dictates the need to increase the effectiveness of the state's social policy, concentrate efforts on solving the most pressing social problems, and rationally use the country's resources. The defining goal of social policy has been and remains the activation of factors that stimulate highly efficient and productive work, achieving a tangible improvement in the financial situation and living conditions of the population. The instruments of the state's social policy are social protection and social assistance.

Social assistance is one of the main forms of social protection, focused primarily on material support for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children.

A sustainable increase in the level and quality of life, maintaining a socially acceptable lifestyle for older citizens is carried out taking into account the specifics of the situation, age and other differentiation of older people, national traditions, religious and other differences in the following main areas:

strengthening the legal protection of older citizens by promoting in the current legislation special norms that contribute to the implementation of constitutional guarantees of their rights, implementing comprehensive measures to provide legal and other protection to older people who find themselves in difficult life situations or victims of criminal acts, creating a social advocacy and social courts;
ensuring a decent standard of living for older people by maintaining a guaranteed minimum subsistence level and income that would allow them to meet the needs of life and improve the quality of life, regardless of belonging to any category, region of residence and other conditions;
improving the health status of older people based on the prevention and reduction of morbidity and disability, accessibility for all older citizens of medical and special geriatric care, drug supply, continuity and interconnection of diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, medical and psychological support, social and medical services, care and payment of social benefits for care, as well as measures to rationalize nutrition;
Promotion of increasing the role of the family in caring for older people, economic, social and psychological support for families providing care for elderly relatives, especially families with low incomes and elderly couples, as well as taking into account gender differences in the provision of assistance and social services, organizing effective social services for single people old people;
assistance in providing older people with decent housing in accordance with minimum state standards that meet the physical capabilities and specific lifestyle of older people, through modernization, reconstruction and repair of houses and apartments, design and construction of new types of housing, improving environmental living conditions and creating conditions for active recreation ;
optimization of the network and development of the material and technical base of institutions serving older people in various sectors of the social sphere, including. specialized, using their potential to solve problems of life support and socialization of older people on the basis of state standards for the volume and quality of services, creating a system of independent control over the provision of assistance and services;
provision of targeted social assistance to elderly people, primarily: single citizens and elderly married couples who have lost the ability to self-care, seriously ill elderly people (single elderly women, residents of remote areas of rural areas, the Far North and similar areas, forced migrants , persons without a fixed place of residence;
creating favorable conditions for feasible employment of older people and providing them with guarantees in terms of satisfactory conditions and wages, preventing injuries and preventing occupational diseases, preventing discrimination based on age in employment, ensuring equal access for older people to programs and systems of vocational guidance, training and retraining;
stimulating social participation and supporting socially oriented initiatives of older people, promoting the activities of public associations and organized communities to implement interpersonal contacts, meet the cultural and educational needs of older people and their desire for self-realization;
organizing effective psychological assistance for older people, including preparation for a change in social status and retirement, adaptation to deteriorating health, and decreased ability to work; loss of loved ones, loneliness, psychological assistance in overcoming stressful and conflict situations, including in the family;
ensuring the availability of information to older people about measures taken to improve their legal, economic and social status, about the activities of executive authorities to protect the interests of older people and social institutions in terms of providing services to older people

Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens

It is necessary to comprehensively improve the mechanism for implementing specific areas of state social policy that relates to older people as a special socio-demographic group and takes into account the main forms of their life activities. This means the following:

Ensuring the validity of decisions made, federal and regional targeted programs aimed at supporting older citizens.

Carrying out an examination of bills and draft regulatory legal acts at the federal and regional levels for their possible impact and expected consequences on the life of older citizens. Strengthening the legal mechanism and economic guarantees for the provision of social and socio-medical services, provision of medical and medicinal care, sanitary and epidemiological well-being of older citizens. Rulemaking activities to improve the system of legal guarantees for the well-being of older citizens, along with the development of new social technologies to support families, primarily multigenerational ones. Carrying out a re-evaluation of current legislation at the federal and regional levels to immediately eliminate gaps in it that are used to commit crimes against older people. Familiarization of representatives of the legislative and executive powers, senior citizens and the population as a whole with the characteristic features of illegal actions committed against senior citizens. Development and implementation of legal education programs explaining the rights of older citizens to government support.

Ensuring that older people, if appropriate, have access to all forms of medical care, including outpatient, inpatient and emergency medical care, subject to constant monitoring of its volume and quality, medicines and medical products. Creation in the Russian Federation of an extensive system of gerontological assistance to the population, consisting of specialized offices and institutions and having the appropriate personnel potential. Formation of a palliative care system, including special institutions - hospices, palliative care departments in hospitals, palliative care rooms in outpatient clinics. Improving the system of gerontopsychiatric care through the development of a network of gerontopsychiatric offices in the structure of general outpatient institutions, units in psychoneurological dispensaries, gerontological departments in psychiatric hospitals, psychosomatic gerontological departments in general hospitals, as well as structures of socio-psychological care for older people. Improving targeted rehabilitation and physical education work with older people, aimed at promoting health and preventing diseases. Ensuring access for older people to hearing aids, prostheses, glasses, personal mobility and rehabilitation aids, exercise equipment for physical therapy in order to maintain activity and the ability to self-care.

Consistent increase in the real content of pensions, taking into account the growth of consumer prices and the dynamics of average monthly wages in the country. Timely implementation of pension payments. Carrying out pension reform in order to ensure the financial sustainability of the pension system in the long term based on a combination of distribution and savings principles of financing compulsory pensions. Carrying out measures to protect the savings of older people from the effects of inflation.

Development of a network of institutions providing social assistance and social services to older people in their usual environment, primarily at home. Consistent implementation of the principle of an individual approach, compliance of the services provided and material and living conditions with the needs of older people living in inpatient social service institutions.

Introduction of innovative models of social services in non-stationary and semi-stationary social service institutions as more effective and closer to the needs of older people. Development of paid social services. Implementation of measures to create a market for high-quality social services. Expanding the circle; entities providing assistance to older people on terms acceptable to them, through the involvement of government and non-government organizations, families and volunteers.

Ensuring the development and implementation at the regional and municipal levels of programs providing for the construction and reconstruction of equipped housing for multi-generational families, taking into account their belonging to a medical and social group and the degree of loss of self-care ability, including special residential buildings for the elderly; citizens and elderly couples, with the involvement of non-state funds.

Creation of an industry of gerodietetic products that have therapeutic and prophylactic value and have a positive effect on the aging body. Organization of educational work among the elderly population about proper nutrition methods. Implementation of activities within the framework of socio-economic development programs aimed at meeting the food needs of older people and improving the food supply of older people, including by providing assistance to elderly rural residents in food production. Supporting the efforts of local governments to monitor the nutritional situation of older people, including through preventive examinations of older people to provide medical and social assistance.

Development of measures aimed at providing older citizens with opportunities for feasible employment in the state and non-state sectors of the economy. Establishing targeted work of employment services in relation to older people, taking into account the state of the labor market and the individual expectations and capabilities of older people. Taking into account the interests and characteristics of older workers when determining working conditions, work schedule and organization in agreements between associations of employers, trade unions and executive authorities at all levels. Supporting initiatives of older people in the development of small businesses, including family entrepreneurship, various forms of self-employment.

Organization of work to maintain the socio-cultural activity of older people by strengthening functional structures aimed at providing citizens of the older generation with equal conditions and opportunities for a full social and cultural life. Development and implementation of programs to provide educational, educational, cultural, entertainment and informational activities, addressed to various groups of older people, with an emphasis on overcoming social exclusion, mastering the requirements of a changing environment and interacting with it. Creating conditions for expanding informal contacts through the organization of various clubs for older people, intensifying the work of trust services, developing a network of sports and entertainment centers and tourism for older people.

Implementation of measures aimed at the safety of the use of medicines and household chemicals by older people, the convenience of older people on the streets and in transport. Increasing demands on manufacturers regarding mandatory information to older consumers about the possible consequences of using products and; compliance with safety standards for food products, household items, devices and equipment used by older people every day. Prevention of unfair advertising and sales methods based on the exploitation of the problems of older people and their material resources.

Introducing older people to mass communications through special sections in print and electronic media. Involvement of state media in the implementation of programs for the socialization of older people, widespread dissemination of the positive experience of participation of older people in society, Support of public associations and the media that introduce introductory programs for elderly consumers.

Strengthening equal partnerships between executive authorities and public associations, especially charitable ones. Assisting them in implementation; strategically important areas of activity to provide services to older citizens, protect their rights and interests, and increase social activity. Promoting the creation and supporting the functioning of associations of older people for the best integration of older citizens into the process of social development. Dissemination of statistical and other information characterizing the situation of older citizens. Conducting mutual consultations and joint events.

Study of legal, demographic, socio-economic gerontological, geriatric, pedagogical and other aspects of population aging and problems of older citizens. Development and implementation of research and educational programs to study the specific lifestyle and situation of older people. Ensure coordination and sustainable funding of research. Improving the system of demographic and social statistics characterizing the process of population aging and its impact on the socio-economic development of Russia. Monitoring the situation of older citizens and conducting special surveys. Periodic preparation of a state report on the situation of older citizens in Russia. Training and retraining of scientific, teaching personnel, general specialists in working with older people, including lawyers, demographers, psychologists, geriatricians, sociologists, teachers, social workers and others for the purpose of staffing the implementation of state social policy in relation to older citizens .

Formation of consolidated guaranteed sources of financing for state social policy measures, programs and action plans to improve the living conditions of older citizens at the federal and regional levels. Further improvement of the procedure for the formation of budget expenditures for the social needs of older people. Actively attracting extra-budgetary funds, including funds from insurance, charitable and private foundations, to achieve the goals of state social policy in relation to older citizens.

Creation at the federal and regional level of state-public bodies that coordinate the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, enterprises and organizations, public associations and individuals to provide support to older citizens.

Development of international cooperation and exchange of information on practical activities for the benefit of older people in the field of human rights and development, development and implementation of policies and programs for the benefit of older people, conducting scientific research on aging issues, training of medical, social workers and other specialists to work with older people people.

Bibliography.

Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Law of the Russian Federation “On state pensions in the Russian Federation”
Zavyalov L. N., Legislation on the pension system of the Russian Federation: texts and comments / Zavyalov Lev Nikolaevich, P. A. Sinyakin and others, - M.: Unity, 2009.
Kuznetsov A.V., Ordin O.V., Pension reform in Russia, general equilibrium model. – M.: Publishing house RPEI, 2009.
Pension reform in Russia: reasons, content, prospects / under general. ed. M. E. Dmitrieva and D. Ya. Travina. – St. Petersburg: Norma, 2009.
Russia in numbers: Statistical collection. - M.: Goskomstat of Russia. 2009.
Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. Textbook. – M.: PBOYUL Grigoryan A.F., 2010.
Soloviev A.K. Economics of pension insurance in Russia. - M: Economics and law. 2009.
Sztompka P. Sociology of social changes. M., 2010.

The draft Concept outlines the principles of state social policy regarding older people, formulated through the prism of the interests of older people as a large socio-demographic group of the population.

The principle of state responsibility is constant activity to create conditions for reliable social protection and improve the social situation of older citizens in accordance with changes occurring in society, fulfillment of obligations to prevent poverty and deprivation associated with forced migration, natural and man-made emergencies.

The principle of equality of all citizens of the older generation is the equal right to protection and assistance in difficult life situations, to make decisions regarding their life activities, regardless of social status, nationality, place of residence, political and religious beliefs, economic contribution, providing equal opportunities for self-realization in social and labor sphere and social activities.

The principle of continuity of state social policy and stability of measures in relation to citizens of the older generation is the preservation and real financial justification of social guarantees of support for citizens of the older generation and constant consideration of the interests of older people as a special category of the population.

The principle of combining legal and ethical regulation of compliance with human rights, legal norms, the effective use of legal mechanisms for implementing political decisions regarding citizens of the older generation, combined with ensuring conditions for fair treatment of older people and the use of the unique experience of the older generation.

The principle of social efficiency is the positive direction of measures to improve the well-being and social well-being of older people, maintaining their social status at a high level, strengthening social ties and satisfying socio-cultural needs.

The principle of unity of policy towards older citizens is a commonality of views on social protection of older people, consolidation of funds allocated to solve the priority problems of older people at all levels of government.

The principle of social participation is stimulating the activities of older people to achieve economic independence, obtain additional benefits through their own efforts, as well as assisting them in improving their quality of life on their own, voluntarily showing initiative and being active in intellectual development and creativity throughout their lives.

The principle of social partnership is the interaction of the state of society and citizens of the older generation in the implementation of activities aimed at the welfare and social well-being of older people, constant cooperation with family, public associations, religious, charitable organizations and other social partners that provide older people with protection, assistance and services.

Thus, the principles of state responsibility, equality of all citizens, continuity of political measures, unity of policy at the federal and regional levels are supplemented by important principles of combining legal and ethical regulation, social efficiency, social participation and social partnership.

The main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens are set out in the spirit of world-recognized views on the role of older people using a three-pronged approach to resolving their problematic issues - providing protection, improving their situation and enhancing social participation. In the draft Concept, the main directions of state social policy and the mechanism for their implementation are outlined in such a way as to combine the powers and responsibilities of executive authorities operating in the social sphere.

Fundamental to achieving the strategic goal should be work to improve legal regulation in the field of protecting rights and interests, pensions, health care, feasible employment, providing older people with a wide range of social services and targeted assistance that contribute to normal life. In addition, institutions and institutions of social security, medical and social services, culture and others will require improvement in terms of compliance of their functions with the main aspects of the lifestyle of older people - life support, socialization, social communication, recreation (rehabilitation).

Definitions An elderly person is a person whose health is gradually deteriorating due to the aging of the entire body. - “age 60-74 years (75-89 years – old, >90 years – long-lived)” 1.Wives over 55 years old, 2.husband over 60 years old needs fasting or temporary assistance due to partial or complete loss able to independently satisfy their basic life needs due to limitations in the ability to self-service and (or) move, have the right to social services provided in the state and non-state sectors of the social service system.

The implementation of the joint venture in relation to the elderly begins to be launched in relation to persons who have reached 55 and 60 years of age, respectively.

Disabled person- this is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of the body’s functions, caused by a disease, subsequent injuries or defects, leading to limitations in life activity and necessitating the need for his social protection.”

These social groups have identical problems, social economics, psychology, and other problems, which the joint venture is aimed at solving.

SHG for older citizens- this is a set of measures (policy, rights, economy, medical, social, cult, scientific, information-propaganda and personnel har-ra, aimed at providing citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached old age, well-being and social well-being, conditions for active participation in the life of society and longevity.

Modern belief system: 1.based on universal humanist values, 2.idea of human rights for people of all ages 3.serves as a rationale for political decisions and specific measures to support older people at interstate and national levels.

Center principle- a socially acceptable and realistically possible combination of the participation of older people in the life of society, care for them on the part of public and state institutions, ensuring the rights of conditions for meeting their needs and realizing the potential accumulated throughout life.

The purpose of the SP in relation to the elderly and disabled– is the creation of conditions for equalizing the social status of these groups in comparison with other members of society, for the active participation of the elderly and disabled in the life of society and the state.

The purpose of the SHG policy regarding older citizens- sustainable increase in the level and quality of life of older people based on social solidarity and justice, maintaining a balance of interests of all socio-demographic groups of the population and the rational use of finance and other resources.

Objectives (according to the SHG Concept for the Elderly until 2010): 1.-stabilize the materiel and social situation of the older generation by improving regulatory mechanisms in the areas of protecting rights and interests; 2. - continue the restructuring of existing and the formation of new institutional structures designed for life support, maintaining vitality and health, socialization and social communication of older people; 3.- to establish a positive attitude towards old age and older people as respected and active members of society, to increase the readiness of the entire population for the ongoing demographic changes.

Main directions SP: 1. pension provision, 2. health care, 3. social services, 4. provision of benefits.

The main indicator high culture and civilization of society are: 1.social guarantees 2.social protection of older citizens, 3.quality of assistance and support provided to them.

Three directions of social protection gr. for older people: 1.-providing benefits and advantages, 2.-social services, 3.-organization of pension provision.

The mechanism of social protection for people is implemented:

1.-State level - ensures the guaranteed provision of legally established pensions, services and benefits in accordance with established monetary and social standards. 2.-Regulation level, taking into account local conditions and capabilities, resolves additional issues. increasing the level of support above the state level. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional security standards, but not lower than those enshrined in legislation.

Features of the joint venture in modern conditions: transferring the center of gravity in the implementation of social protection of elderly and old people directly to the locality.

Social protection is a set of additional measures to provide financial assistance to old people, carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, at the expense of specially created funds for social support of the population, in addition to the social guarantees traditionally implemented by the social security system.

Now is the time- the state’s social strategy is not aimed at an absolute increase in spending on social programs, but at the redistribution of available funds in order to provide social assistance, primarily to the most needy citizens of society, which include old-age pensioners who find themselves below the poverty line.

38. Federal targeted social programs as a mechanism of social policy in relation to older people and people with disabilities (Federal Target Program “Older Generation”, Federal Target Program “Social Support for Disabled People for 2006-2010”)

Problem:-according to the forecast of demographic development of the Russian Federation until 2015, the share of the elderly in the structure of the workload of the working-age population will significantly increase. The problem requires principled decisions and targeted actions in the interests of citizens of older age groups - to strengthen their social security.

The goal of the Federal Target Program “Older Generation”: creating conditions for improving the quality of life of older citizens through the development of a network of social service institutions and improving their activities, ensuring the availability of medical care, educational, cultural, leisure and other services, introducing new forms of social services, promoting the active participation of older people in society.

Problem solving: 1). expanding the network and improving the activities of institutions and services that provide older people with a range of vital socially oriented services (gerontological centers, small-capacity homes, temporary residence homes (departments), gerontopsychiatric centers, mobile social services, medical and social care hospitals, hospices, centers ( clubs) for older people and others); 2).development of new forms of social services for older citizens, taking into account the scale and pace of population aging, creating conditions for the introduction of economically sound models and bringing the level of social services closer to the needs of society; 3).promotion of increasing the level of social adaptation of older people, strengthening social ties in combination with the expansion of their sociocultural contacts; 4).maintaining the vital activity of older people through rehabilitation and health measures; 5).promoting the process of social integration of older people with the involvement of social institutions, public associations, by continuing education in the “third age”; 6).strengthening the coordination of the activities of the federal enforcement authorities and the enforcement authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of solving pressing problems of life support for older citizens; 7).conducting scientific research on priority problems of social protection of older citizens.

Goals of the Federal Target Program “Social support for people with disabilities for 2006-2010”: creating conditions for the rehabilitation and integration of disabled people into society, improving their standard of living.

Problem solving: 1).creation of a system of rehabilitation and expert organizations, ensuring the rehabilitation of disabled people and their integration into society; 2). development of the rehabilitation industry as the industrial basis of the system of comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled people, the formation of a national market for technical means of rehabilitation and rehabilitation services; 3).equipping rehabilitation organizations with equipment; 4).ensuring unimpeded access for people with disabilities to social infrastructure facilities; 5). creation of additional work places.

A set of activities in the following areas: 1).improving the activities of organizations that carry out medical and social examination and rehabilitation of people with disabilities; 2).expansion of technical means of rehabilitation and rehabilitation services, development and implementation of modern technologies for the reintegration of disabled people into society, creation of an optimal living environment for disabled people; 3).implementation of measures to create new jobs for people with disabilities at enterprises.

Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens. 5

Chapter 2. Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation 6

Chapter 3.Regulatory framework. 9

Chapter 4. Social problems of development of the Russian pension system 11

Chapter 5. Reform of the pension system_ 14

§ 1. Formation of the pension system in Russia. 14

§ 2. Prerequisites for pension reform_ 16

§ 4. Ways to carry out pension reform_ 23

§ 5.World experience in reforming pension systems_ 25

§ 6. Pension reform_ 27

§ 7.Forecast for the development of the pension system_ 28

Conclusion. 29

Bibliography. thirty

In the broad sense of the word, social is usually called everything that directly relates to society, people, and their lives. At the same time, there is a narrower area of economics that is directly related to social phenomena and is called the social sphere. The social sphere usually includes objects and processes, types of various activities that are directly related to and related to people’s lifestyles, the population’s consumption of material and spiritual goods, services, and meeting the final needs of an individual, family, team, groups, and society as a whole.

Social policy includes a system of practical measures carried out by the government through local and regional authorities, aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of large social groups, financed from the state budget and corresponding either to the ideological guidelines of the state at the moment, or to the value orientations of society in the long term. . Social policy is an integral part of the general strategy of the state, relating to the social sphere: targeted activities to develop and implement decisions directly related to a person and his position in society; to provide it with social guarantees, taking into account the characteristics of various groups of the country's population, the social policy pursued by the government, all branches and authorities, based on broad public support, is intended to accumulate, focus, and reflect the situation in the country and the situation in society, the needs and goals of social development. The objectives of social policy include stimulating economic growth and subordinating production to the interests of consumption, strengthening labor motivation and business entrepreneurship, ensuring an adequate standard of living and social protection of the population, preserving cultural and natural heritage, national identity and identity. To effectively carry out its regulatory functions, the state has such powerful levers of influence as the country's legislation, the national budget, and the system of taxes and duties. The experience of most countries in the world confirms: despite all the objective dependence of solving social problems on the economic and political situation in the country, social policy is independent and is capable of helping to improve the level of well-being of the population through its own means and exert a stimulating influence on the desire of citizens for social progress. In modern conditions, social policy should be a priority for the power structures of any state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 114) establishes: The government ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the country in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology. The main direction of policy in the social sphere is caring for people, creating conditions for a decent life and comprehensive development. The current situation in Russian society dictates the need to increase the effectiveness of the state's social policy, concentrate efforts on solving the most pressing social problems, and rationally use the country's resources. The defining goal of social policy has been and remains the activation of factors that stimulate highly efficient and productive work, achieving a tangible improvement in the financial situation and living conditions of the population. The instruments of the state's social policy are social protection and social assistance.

Social assistance is one of the main forms of social protection, focused primarily on material support for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children.

The purpose of my work is to analyze social policy regarding pensioners, highlighting the main problems and development prospects.

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation.

1. strengthening the legal protection of elderly citizens by promoting in the current legislation special norms that contribute to the implementation of constitutional guarantees of their rights, implementing comprehensive measures to provide legal and other protection to elderly people who find themselves in difficult life situations or victims of criminal acts, creating a social advocacy and social ships;

2. ensuring a decent standard of living for older people by maintaining a guaranteed minimum subsistence level and income that would allow them to meet the needs of life and improve the quality of life, regardless of belonging to any category, region of residence and other conditions;

3. improving the health status of older people, based on the prevention and reduction of morbidity and disability, accessibility for all older citizens of medical and special geriatric care, drug provision, continuity and interconnection of diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, medical and psychological support, social and medical services , care and payment of social benefits for care, as well as measures to rationalize nutrition;

4. Promotion of increasing the role of the family in caring for the elderly, economic, social and psychological support for families providing care for elderly relatives, especially families with low incomes and elderly couples, as well as taking into account gender differences in the provision of assistance and social services, organizing effective social services for lonely elderly people;

5. assistance in providing older people with decent housing in accordance with minimum state standards that meet the physical capabilities and specific lifestyle of older people, through modernization, reconstruction and repair of houses and apartments, design and construction of new types of housing, improving environmental living conditions and creating conditions for active recreation;

6. optimization of the network and development of the material and technical base of institutions serving older people in various sectors of the social sphere, including. specialized, using their potential to solve problems of life support and socialization of older people on the basis of state standards for the volume and quality of services, creating a system of independent control over the provision of assistance and services;

7. provision of targeted social assistance to the elderly, primarily: single citizens and elderly couples who have lost the ability to self-care, seriously ill elderly people (single elderly women, residents of remote areas of rural areas, the Far North and similar areas, internally displaced persons, persons without a fixed place of residence;

8. creating favorable conditions for feasible employment of older people and providing them with guarantees in terms of satisfactory conditions and wages, preventing injuries and preventing occupational diseases, preventing discrimination based on age in employment, ensuring equal access for older people to programs and systems of vocational guidance, training and retraining;

9. stimulating social participation and supporting socially oriented initiatives of older people, promoting the activities of public associations and organized communities to implement interpersonal contacts, meet the cultural and educational needs of older people and their desire for self-realization;

10. organization of effective psychological assistance to older people, including preparation for a change in social status and retirement, adaptation to deteriorating health conditions, decreased ability to work; loss of loved ones, loneliness, psychological assistance in overcoming stressful and conflict situations, including in the family;

11. ensuring the availability of information to older people about measures taken to improve their legal, economic and social status, about the activities of executive authorities to protect the interests of older people and social institutions in terms of providing services to older people.

Chapter 2. Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens

In the period until 2010, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the mechanism for implementing specific areas of state social policy that relates to older people as a special socio-demographic group and takes into account the main forms of their life activities. This means the following:

Ensuring the validity of decisions made, federal and regional targeted programs aimed at supporting older citizens.

Chapter 3. Regulatory framework.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that pensions in our country are assigned in accordance with the law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” (as amended by the Law of the Russian Federation of September 25, 1992). The Law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” establishes that pension relations are regulated only by this law, that is, changes in the conditions and standards of pension provision are carried out only by introducing amendments and additions to this law.

The purpose of this law is to ensure the stability of the achieved level of pension provision and its increase as the well-being of workers grows.

The main criterion for differentiating the conditions and standards of pension provision is recognized in the law as labor and its results. The law divides all pensions into two groups - labor pensions and social pensions. Labor pensions, i.e. There are four types of pensions that are established in connection with labor and other socially useful activities counted towards length of service:

By old age;

For disability;

In case of loss of a breadwinner;

For years of service.

Accordingly, the law names the grounds for assigning these pensions.

Those citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a labor pension are provided with a social pension. This is a pension for everyone. The conditions determining the right to a social pension are listed in Art. 113 of the Law. As a general rule, citizens who are simultaneously entitled to various state pensions are assigned one pension of their choice, with the exception of three categories of citizens entitled to two pensions (Article 5 of the Law).

Financing of pension payments is carried out by the Pension Fund from three sources:

Employers' insurance contributions;

Citizens' insurance premiums;

Allocations from the Federal budget.

Payment of pensions to military personnel and citizens equivalent to them, their families, as well as social pensions is carried out at the expense of funds allocated to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from the federal budget.

An important point is that when changes and additions are made to this Law that require an increase in expenses for the payment of pensions, the relevant federal law must necessarily define the source of financial support for additional expenses.

You can apply for a pension at any time after your right to it arises. This rule applies to all types of pensions.

When establishing the size and conditions of payment of pensions, concepts such as length of service and average monthly earnings are used.

The size of the pension usually depends on the length of the total work experience; taking it into account, the minimum and maximum amount of the old-age pension is also determined. The procedure for determining general work experience and special work experience is established by Section VI of the Law. Article 89 specifies work that is included in the total length of service, article 90 specifies military service and other service equivalent to it, which is included in the total length of service, and article 91 specifies study, which is included in the total length of service. Other periods counted towards the specified length of service are listed in Article 92.

Taking into account the total length of service, that is, the total duration of a particular socially useful activity, an old-age pension is established, and in appropriate cases, a disability pension and a survivor's pension.

Taking into account special work experience, that is, the total duration certain labor activity, an old-age pension is established in connection with special working conditions (Article 12 of the Law), work in the Far North (Article 14 of the Law), as well as a pension for long service (Section V of the Law).

Periods counted in the length of service are calculated according to their actual duration, with the exception of the cases listed in Article 94 of the Law on Preferential Calculation of Periods (for example, time spent working in the regions of the Far North and localities equivalent to them is counted at one and a half times; military service on conscription, the time of work during the Great Patriotic War and the period of work in leper colonies and anti-plague institutions - in double the amount, and the period of work in Leningrad during the blockade - in triple the amount) and special rules for calculating length of service (Article 83 of the Law).

Work experience acquired before registration as an insured person in accordance with the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) registration in the state pension insurance system” is established on the basis of documents issued in the prescribed manner by the relevant state and municipal bodies and organizations.

And after registration as an insured person, the length of service is established on the basis of individual (personalized) accounting information.

The size of the pension is determined from the average monthly earnings, except in cases where the pension is assigned in the maximum amount.

For citizens whose pension cannot be calculated from earnings, it is set at the minimum amount of the corresponding pension.

The composition of earnings from which the pension is calculated is determined in Article 100 of the Law. Earnings for calculating pensions include all types of payments (income) received in connection with the performance of work (official duties) provided for in Article 89 of the Law, for which insurance contributions are charged to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

The natural part of earnings is assessed at state retail prices for the period when wages were paid.

The average monthly earnings when granting a pension are determined: for the last 24 months, or for 60 consecutive months of work throughout the entire working life before applying for a pension (Article 102 of the Law).

The procedure for calculating average monthly earnings is specified in Article 103 of the Law. It is calculated by dividing the total earnings for 24 months of work and 60 months of work, respectively, by 24 and 60.

This article also indicates how average monthly earnings are calculated if the work lasted less than 24 months.

The law provides for an increase in pensions for certain categories of citizens (Article 110), as well as the appointment of supplements to pensions.

The general rules for calculating allowances are as follows:

Supplements are accrued after the amount of the pension is determined and it is increased in accordance with Article 110 of the Law;

A pension with bonuses is not limited to a maximum amount;

If there are 2 or more non-working pensioners in a family, then each disabled family member who is their common dependent is taken into account for the supplement to only one of the pensioners.

Pension provision in accordance with the Law is carried out by state bodies of social protection of the population. The rules for applying for a pension, its appointment and organization of payment, maintaining pension documentation are established in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The pension is assigned from the day of application for it, with the exception of several cases described in Article 119 of the Law, when the pension is established earlier than the day of application for it. But in all cases, the pension is assigned no earlier than from the date the right to it arises.

The Law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” provides that the organization (citizen) is responsible for the accuracy of the information contained in the documents issued for the assignment and payment of pensions.

Disputes regarding the assignment and payment of pensions, deductions from pensions, etc. are permitted by a higher authority of social protection of the population.

Chapter 4. Social problems of development of the Russian pension system

An analysis of the dynamics of the ratio of the employed working population and pensioners of our country over the time period under consideration reveals a number of characteristic trends.

Statistics show that the number of employed people over the period since 1992 has decreased by 9.3% (6.7 million people), while the number of pensioners has increased from 35.2 to 38.2 million people, i.e. e. by 8.2%. As a result, the burden of the pension system on the economic system of the employed population increased from 46 pensioners per 100 people. employed in the national economy at the beginning of the transition period to 57 pensioners at present.

In subsequent years, due to the deterioration of the economic situation in the country, in many previously pension-free regions, the situation became significantly more complicated, and the ratio of pensioners to the working population approached and even exceeded 50%. Thus, in the Republic of Karelia (from 43.8% in 1992 to 56.1 in 1995), the Arkhangelsk region (from 42.8 to 59.9%), the Jewish Autonomous Region (from 40.9 to 50 .7%). To visualize the structure of the pension system, it is advisable to consider in more detail the dynamics of the number of main categories of pensioners for the same periods. As statistics show, over a 5-year period, the total number of pensioners increased by 7.3% or 2.6 million people, while the number of recipients of labor pensions increased by 7.4% (2.5 million people), the number of recipients social pensions - by 25%, and the number of labor pensioners grows evenly every year, the number of military pensioners throughout the entire period decreased annually by approximately 15-17% per year.

Let us present the dynamics of the real size of the old-age pension (in 1987 prices):

1990 - 80%, 1992 - 52%, 1993 - 62%, 1994 -58%, 1995 - 60%, 1996 - 54%, 1997 - 53%, 1998 -41%.

At the same time, naturally, at least two fundamental principles of the state insurance pension system were violated: maintaining the standard of living of pensioners by ensuring a stable level of purchasing power of pensions and ensuring a balance between the average size of old-age pensions and average wages.

The consequence of the processes listed above was a catastrophic deformation of the financial security of the pension system, in which the level of financial security for pension payments decreased from 100-120% in the pre-reform period to the level of 80-85% in the transition period to market relations. In proportion to the size of the decrease in security, there was a decrease in the level of assigned pensions themselves.

It is natural that the average old-age pension in average annual dynamics was relative to the average wage:

1990 -41%, 1991 - 37%, 1992 -26%, 1993 - 34%, 1994 -35%, 1995 - 39%, 1996 -37.8%, 1997 - 37.2%.

The relationship between the minimum old-age pension and the subsistence level has become even more unstable. If in 1991 it was 171%, then by 1992 it decreased to 59%, and by 1996 it decreased further to 50%. In 1991, the minimum pension amount corresponded to the minimum consumer budget, and not to the subsistence level.

During the transition period, there was also a profound deformation of another basic principle of constructing a pension system: the connection between the size of the pension and the amount of the citizen’s labor contribution. As a result of the introduction, along with inflationary indexation of pensions, compensation payments, there was a decrease in the real sizes of certain types of pension payments, the differentiation between the maximum and minimum amounts of pensions sharply narrowed, and a tendency towards equalization of pension provision again arose. Instead of the differentiation provided by law within the range of 1:3-3.5, in 1997 it was no more than 1:1.7.

The methods used by government agencies to combat the consequences of inflationary growth in consumer prices also played an important role in the deterioration of pension provision. At the same time, the only anti-inflationary measure - indexation of pensions based on the results of the previous three months - in the conditions of galloping price growth did not provide the necessary level of compensation for losses and inevitably led to a further decrease in the purchasing power of pensions.

Thus, by the mid-90s. those. Almost three to five years later, the Russian pension system began to experience crisis phenomena, the main features of which are:

· violation of the principle of dependence of the size of the pension on the labor contribution of the pensioner;

· a sharp decline in the standard of living of pensioners, which is most clearly manifested in the lag of the minimum pension amount from the pensioner’s subsistence level;

· narrowing the differentiation of the minimum, average and maximum pensions due to an increase in the share of compensation and equalization additional payments to the minimum pension and a decrease in the influence of the “salary factor” on the amount of the assigned pension;

· imbalance of the PFR budget due to the increase in the Pension Fund's expenses on numerous types of payments, which are not ensured by adequate receipt of insurance payments (allowances and increases for various categories of pensioners, expansion of the rights of pensioners to receive a long-service pension, to preferential and “northern” pensions to the detriment of pensions for old age, i.e. upon reaching insurance age, maintaining pensions for working pensioners, etc.);

· unsettled financial settlements between the Pension Fund budget and the federal budget of the Russian Federation, the State Employment Fund, etc. Thus, the most serious of the problems listed above at the current stage of development of the pension system is the deepening of the financial crisis of the pension system, which is manifested in a significant expansion of the expenditure side of the Pension Fund budget and a sharp reduction in its revenue side.

The main reason for the unbalanced budget of the pension system is due to the fact that in the pension system there are many mechanisms for inappropriate spending of pension funds - the possibility of receiving a pension regardless of the payment of insurance contributions, many benefits for certain categories of pensioners that are not secured by corresponding cash receipts, etc.

Pension legislation does not link the provision of benefits with the actual state of working conditions at work, with the amount of insurance premiums and their timely payment.

An equally significant factor in the deterioration in the financial security of pension payments was the decline in the collection of all types of income of the Pension Fund.

The rate of contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal tariff legislation. However, recently, the excessively high tariff rate of deductions from wages for pensions has become burdensome for enterprises and organizations. In recent years, the insurance tariff has been increased more than three times - from 12% in 1990 to 39.5% in 1997, which for enterprises, organizations, institutions includes contributions to the Pension Fund - 29%, to the Social Insurance Fund - 5.4%, to the state employment fund - 1.5% and for compulsory health insurance - 3.6%.

The total amount of insurance tariffs from wages was by year:

1990 - 12%, 1991-38%, 1992 - 38%, 1993 - 39%, 1994-1995 - 40%, 1996-1998 - 39,5%.

In recent years, the conditions and mechanism for monitoring the collection of insurance premiums have become significantly more complicated for almost all categories of payers. Due to the decline in controllability in the budgetary and financial system, expressed in the uncontrolled growth of shadow circulation of funds and their significant displacement from legal circulation by various substitutes (securities of various types, barter relations, “in-kind” payments, etc.), to ensure any The stable collection of Pension Fund revenues to finance planned pension expenditures is proving increasingly difficult. Suffice it to recall that the level of overdue debt on insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the beginning of 1999 amounted to about 130 billion rubles, i.e. almost the annual budget of the Pension Fund in 1997

The practice of recent years has also shown the presence of a significant number of ineffective elements in the current organizational scheme for managing state pension insurance. The primary place among them is occupied by the division of functions of collecting and spending pension funds that still remains between the Pension Fund and the social protection bodies, which has led to the fact that the use of these funds is carried out without proper legal and financial control over the movement of financial resources from the Pension Fund bodies directly until the pensioner. As a result, inappropriate and unjustified spending of funds in regional social protection bodies has reached significant proportions.

Chapter 5. Reform of the pension system

§ 1. Formation of the pension system in Russia.

Over the past ten years, the pension system of the Russian Federation has undergone significant changes associated with the introduction of pension insurance principles. A unified registration system for insured persons working for hire and the self-employed population has been created, the composition of earnings (income) from which pensions are calculated and insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation have been brought to a unified base, mechanisms have been worked out to achieve a financial balance of income and liabilities of the state pension system provision, personalized recording of information about each insured person has been implemented for the purposes of state pension insurance. To this day, doubts are being expressed: was it necessary to abandon the previously adopted pension model and begin reform? Indeed, in recent years the financial position of the Pension Fund has been quite stable. By the end of 1999, the Pension Fund of Russia managed to completely eliminate arrears in pension payments, and the payment schedule has since been observed everywhere and strictly. In 2000-2001, pensions were indexed regularly every quarter (except for November 2001). In addition, over the past 2 years, insurance reserves in the amount of about 120 billion rubles have been created.

Judging by these indicators, the pension system, at first glance, was stable and did not need any significant changes. However, this is only at first glance. In fact, the pension model used until recently was extremely imperfect. Even professional pensioners could not calculate in advance what they would face in old age.

Pension legislation was not codified; until the end of 2001, two pension laws were in force in the Russian Federation simultaneously, equally discriminating against workers by the restrictions they set on the wages they took into account when assigning a pension. The logic of these restrictions is clear - the legislator established a fairly high replacement rate for earnings lost during retirement, but the pension system did not have enough sources of income to fulfill all emerging obligations. And then the law established restrictions that cut off part of the obligations and limited the pension rights, first of all, of persons who received higher contributions, from whom higher contributions were paid.

Thus, according to the law of November 20, 1990 No. 340-I “On state pensions in the Russian Federation” (enacted in 1992), a citizen, depending on his work experience, could count on a pension in the amount of 55 to 75% of average earnings, either for the last 2 years before retirement, or for any 5 consecutive years of your entire working life. However, the pension calculated using this formula could not exceed three minimum pension amounts (168 rubles 47 kopecks at the beginning of 2001).

It was possible to increase the pension according to the Law of November 20, 1990 to a more realistic level only by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, which introduced additional compensation payments to the pension. As a result, the situation became common when a pensioner received a pension in the amount of 468 rubles, of which 168 rubles were they earned it as a pension, and 300 rubles were paid to him as compensation. The pension for this category of recipients, in essence, has become a social benefit assigned in connection with reaching retirement age.

The new law No. 113-FZ, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in February 1998, was supposed to overcome this contradiction and restore the lost connection between wages and pensions. According to the provisions of this law, the employee retained the right to receive a pension in the amount of 55 to 75% of earnings, depending on length of service. And instead of three minimum pensions, the legislator established as a limiter the size of the average salary in the country established for calculating pensions, and its ratio to the pensioner’s salary. This ratio was initially set at 0.7 (i.e., when assigning pensions, a pensioner’s salary was taken into account in an amount not exceeding 0.7 of the average salary in the country). Subsequently, the wage ratio was gradually increased. And since May 2001, the maximum earnings from which the pension is calculated began to be 20% higher than the average salary in the country established for calculating the pension (at the end of 2001 this in monetary terms was 2,005 rubles). And the maximum size of the labor pension has reached 90% of the average salary in the country for calculating pensions. The situation with pension payments at the end of 2001 is presented in the following graphs. Analysis of the graphs shows that by increasing wage ratios, it is possible to ensure a more complete accounting of the earnings of those who received high salaries, and due to this, an increase in the average pension. But in this case, those whose earnings have already been fully taken into account according to the norms of Law No. 113-FZ when assigning a pension remain without an increase. And also those who receive a pension according to the law of November 20, 1990. But both of them, as a rule, are a low-income category of pensioners. And we have 15-16 million such people out of 38.5 million recipients of state pensions. Moreover, several million of them, with full work experience before March 2001, received a pension in the amount of 468 rubles. It would be abnormal to turn away from the problems of this category on the grounds that they have not earned the right to a large pension. It is impossible to survive with a pension amounting to 45% of a pensioner’s subsistence level. Therefore, since March 2001, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the minimum pension payment was set at 600 rubles (and since August - 660 rubles). Recipients of minimum pensions warmly supported him. Recipients of average pensions rightly believed that increases should occur at the same rate for all pensioners, regardless of how things stand with minimum pensions and how optimal the ratio between maximum and minimum pensions is. Finally, recipients of high salaries, which were largely not taken into account when assigning pensions, insisted that additional income from the Pension Fund should be primarily used to increase the differentiation of pensions, i.e. to increase pensions for those pensioners whose earnings were not taken into account in full when assigning and recalculating pensions. Unfortunately, it was impossible to overcome these differences in interests of different groups of pensioners based on the old pension model.

This model was not suitable for one more reason - it did not create any interest among workers in paying pension contributions from the full amount of their salary. As a result, in 2000-2001, pension contributions were paid at 35% of the population’s actual income, the remaining 65% remained outside of taxation - in the shadows, and contributions to the Pension Fund, which by law should have been 28% of the payroll, in fact barely exceeded 10 % From him . And the old model did not create any interest in changing this abnormal situation. What is the point for an employee to refuse shadow schemes for receiving a high salary if he earned pension rights not from its full amount, but from only 2000 of it!

§ 2. Prerequisites for pension reform

The contradictions of the old pension system indicate that, despite the fairly stable position of the Pension Fund in recent years, it was on the verge of a crisis from which, based on cosmetic changes to the old pension legislation carried out throughout the 90s, it could not be taken out. The ongoing transformations have prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms, however, due to the influence of factors “external” to the pension system (primarily political, economic, demographic) their positive influence is decreasing every year.

The main economic reasons for the pension reform:

· a ten-year trend towards reduction in the purchasing power of pensions ;

· narrowing the differentiation of pension amounts, caused, on the one hand, by the desire of the insured to conceal their income from paying into pension insurance (i.e., understating the base for calculating insurance premiums), and on the other hand, by maintaining strict restrictions on the maximum size (ceiling) of the pension, if necessary, to permanently increase it minimum level based on the purchasing power of the pension;

· final loss of connection between pension and “labor contribution” pensioner, which is expressed in the fact that the amount of the old-age labor pension practically does not depend on either the length of work experience or the amount of earnings, because to calculate the maximum pension, only half of the average monthly salary can be taken into account;

· deterioration of demographic factors in the development of the labor market , which manifest themselves with a predicted sharp drop in the working age population; Thus, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the distribution system works effectively if the ratio of the number of pensioners and employed is at least 1:10. And today in our country there are almost 40 million pensioners against approximately 80 million employed, that is, the required ratio is only 1:2. (in Soviet times, there were just 10 - 11 workers per pensioner; the USSR pension system had real support and was considered one of the most progressive in the world) .

· maintaining the price of labor at a low level for a civilized European state due to the low rate of economic development in the long term, which is clearly manifested in macroeconomic indicators for the next 20 years.

Along with economic reasons, there is a deterioration in the demographic situation. In this process, two negative trends can be identified: an increase in the number of pensioners (from 34.1 million in 1992 to 36.6 million at the end of 2001) simultaneously with a decrease in the number of employed (from 72.1 million in 1992 to 65 .1 million at the end of 2001). Thus, if in 1992 there were 2.11 people employed in the economy (1.88 wage workers) per pensioner, then in 2000 there were only 1.78 (1.38). And this does not take into account hidden unemployment and concealment of wages (the basis for the unified social tax), which is especially typical for individual entrepreneurs and commercial structures.

§ 3. Directions for reforming the pension system of the Russian Federation.

During the period that has passed since the adoption of the Concept of reforming the pension system in the Russian Federation (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 7, 1995 No. 790 “On measures to implement the concept of reform of the pension system in the Russian Federation”), a number of regulations have been developed and adopted aimed at the implementation its provisions.

In 1996, the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system” came into force, on the basis of which the basis for a new infrastructure of the pension system was created, providing an information base for motivating the payment of insurance premiums by all workers. The introduction of personalized accounting should be carried out in a proactive manner, as this creates the prerequisites for subsequent transformations.

The next step in introducing a personalized accounting system was the adjustment of the procedure for assigning and recalculating pensions with a focus on the use of these personal accounts. In May 1997, the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” was amended to provide for the establishment of length of service and the determination of average monthly earnings when assigning pensions and recalculating them based on data from individual personal accounts.

In order to carry out further work in this direction, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 15, 1997 No. 318 “On measures to organize individual (personalized) accounting for the purposes of state pension insurance” was adopted. To carry out work on processing information on individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 1997 No. 796, an Information Center for Personalized Accounting was created at the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Law “On the procedure for calculating and increasing state pensions” provides for a transition to a fundamentally new mechanism for calculating and increasing state pensions, based on determining an individual coefficient for each pensioner. The new mechanism ensures not only the calculation of the pension amount, but also its permanent indexation strictly based on the growth rate of average wages in the country. At the same time, it allows more objectively than the old one to differentiate the size of pensions depending on labor contribution and limits the influence of equalizing factors in pension provision.

However, this shift was achieved through a sharp reduction in differentiation in pension amounts. Currently, the differentiation of maximum and minimum pensions is 1.7:1 instead of 3:1 according to the law. As a result, wages play virtually no role in calculating the size of a pension, and the population’s incentives to “earn” a pension have weakened.

In the period after the start of the pension reform, the development of the non-state pension provision system took place in the absence of a regulatory legal framework and an adequate system for regulating their activities. This had a negative impact on the overall level of financial reliability of non-state pension funds and the low level of public confidence in them.

The objective reason for the financial instability of the pension system is, on the one hand, the crisis of non-payments in the national economy, and on the other hand, its inconsistency with the changed socio-economic conditions in the country.

The number of pensioners is growing, the number of workers in the national economy is decreasing, which leads to an increase in the burden on them to cover the costs of pension provision.

Temporary normalization of the financial situation during the period of a more favorable ratio between pensioners and contributors due to demographic factors (2000-2007) will not be able to ensure the stability of the current pension system in the long term. The calculations show that in the subsequent period the crisis of the pension system, based on existing principles, will again begin to worsen and in the future will inevitably lead to the insolvency of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Such conclusions are based on long-term demographic forecast data.

Stabilization of the existing distribution pension system can only be achieved through a gradual increase in the retirement age with the simultaneous abolition of all existing benefits.

It is possible to prevent the deepening of the crisis of the pension system and create the preconditions for economic growth only through a phased transition from a universal distribution system to a combined pension system, in which accumulative mechanisms for financing pensions play a significant role. The formation of significant pension savings will reduce the financial dependence of the pension system on the ratio of the number of people of working age to pensioners and thereby significantly increase its stability in the face of unfavorable demographic changes.

In the long term, as an alternative to the current distribution system, a combined pension system is proposed, which includes:

state pension insurance as the leading element of the system, according to which the payment of pensions is carried out depending on the insurance (work) experience, the amount of contributions paid to the state pension insurance budget and is financed both from current revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and from funds received from directing part of the mandatory insurance premiums to accumulation, and from investment income from their placement;

state pension provision for certain categories of citizens, as well as for persons who have not acquired the right to a pension under state pension insurance - at the expense of the federal budget;

additional pension insurance (security), carried out through voluntary contributions of employers and employees, and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation - mandatory insurance contributions.

In order to increase the long-term financial sustainability of the pension system, it is proposed that a phased, in full accordance with the organizational and financial capabilities of the state and the existing pension system, introduction of savings mechanisms into the state pension insurance system.

Indexation of pensions is carried out taking into account the financial capabilities of society and should not lead to further financial destabilization of the pension system.

In the reform process, it is necessary to make changes to regulatory legal acts on the issues of individual (personalized) accounting of insured persons in the state pension insurance system. The personalized accounting system must meet the requirements associated with the introduction of conditional savings and personal savings accounts of citizens into the mechanism for financing pensions.

At the same time, it is necessary to specify approaches to reforming preferential pensions using funded mechanisms.

The reform program involves the formation of a flexible system of effective incentives for voluntary later retirement, including the use of conditional savings and personal savings accounts of citizens, in which longer work and, accordingly, a reduction in the expected period of retirement can significantly increase the recipient's its monthly amount. Such a system of incentives should take into account not only the financial interests of the pension system, but also changes in the situation on the labor market. It is also important that the proposed incentives do not actually turn into a system of economic coercion of older people to continue active work, contrary to their capabilities and desires.

During the transition period, it is advisable to centralize the accounting functions of state pension insurance, including its funded element, and the created professional pension systems within the framework of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to provide for a set of measures for the further development of additional pension insurance (security), including stimulating pension savings through tax breaks and increasing the effectiveness of guarantees of their safety.

To create conditions for a flexible state pension policy in relation to certain categories of citizens, it is necessary to adopt a federal law on additional material support for citizens for special services to the Russian Federation, which defines the general principles and grounds for making decisions on the establishment of monthly additional payments to pensions for persons who have special services to the Russian Federation. Federation.

The model of state pension provision proposed in the Program with the phased introduction of funded elements ensures a balance of income and liabilities of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation throughout the entire transition period (until 2020) without increasing the base rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

In the forecast, the main factors ensuring stabilization of the financial position of the pension system during the transition period are:

reforming early retirement mechanisms by transferring them to professional pension systems;

determining the size of pension payments depending on the amount of revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

taking into account the projected (expected) life expectancy of a pensioner when assigning a pension and stimulating later retirement through the use of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts;

ensuring the delineation of obligations for financing insurance pensions and other pension payments between the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and other sources, including the federal budget and state social extra-budgetary funds;

legislative consolidation of the list of non-insurance periods to be included in the insurance period for state pension insurance, as well as the determination of the principles and amounts of financing the obligations arising in connection with this from the federal budget;

increasing the collection of insurance premiums as a result of the introduction of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts;

partial financing since 2005 of newly assigned labor pensions on a funded basis.

In the long term, the labor pension under state pension insurance will be formed according to the distribution and accumulation principles in equal proportions. At the same time, the tariff policy in state pension insurance should be focused on a gradual reduction in the rate of contributions for employees working in normal technological and climatic conditions.

In order to reduce hidden subsidies through the pension system of industries with an increased share of jobs with hazardous working conditions, as well as regions with special natural and climatic conditions, it is advisable

consider introducing an additional tariff for insurance pension contributions for them.

It is expected that, as part of the tariff policy for state pension insurance, by 2010 the contribution rate allocated for the formation of savings in personal pension accounts will be 7-8%, and in the long term to achieve a parity ratio between the distribution and savings parts of labor pensions.

The following sequence of increasing the accumulative element of the tariff for state pension insurance is proposed:

2000 - 1%; 2003 - 3%; 2006 - 5%; 2009 - 7%.

This increase will be achieved by redistribution within the established insurance tariff in favor of the funded part of contributions.

At the same time, to ensure the implementation of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts of citizens, the following additional information must be accumulated on the personal account:

the amount of insurance premiums paid by the employer for the insured person on a distribution basis;

the amount of insurance premiums paid for the insured person and aimed at accumulation;

the amount of accrued investment income associated with investing part of the insurance premiums allocated for accumulation;

the amount of insurance contributions transferred through the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation to professional pension systems (during the transition period), as well as accrued investment income on these savings.

In order to reflect this information to the maximum extent, the following sub-accounts must be opened as part of the personal account of each insured person:

a conditional savings account in which contributions paid by the employee or for the employee by the employer are reflected on a distribution basis. On the basis of conditional savings accounts, insured persons will be assigned a part of the labor pension, which is financed from a distribution source;

a personal savings pension account, which reflects insurance premiums used for accumulation and registers accrued investment income associated with their investment;

a professional pension account opened for employees participating in mandatory professional pension systems. This account reflects additional contributions paid by employers to fund early retirement, as well as accrued investment income received from investing these funds through occupational pension systems.

The size of labor pensions is supposed to be calculated only on the basis of insurance characteristics:

age;

insurance experience;

insurance premiums;

wages (income) from which insurance premiums were paid;

as well as pension savings (pension reserves) allocated to the personal savings accounts of the insured.

The insurance length of the insured person is the total duration of the periods of work of the insured person during his life, for which insurance premiums were paid.

Since 2001, labor pensions for those retiring in old age are assigned within the framework of a personalized accounting system based on conditional savings accounts. In this regard, for the period starting from 2001, the main insurance indicator, on the basis of which the part of the future labor pension financed on a distribution basis is formed, should be the amount of insurance premiums paid.

The main source of financing for part of the labor pensions assigned on a distribution basis according to data from conditional savings accounts should be current revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, with the exception of insurance contributions aimed at accumulation and income from their investment.

Insurance premiums aimed at accumulation and income from their investment form pension reserves, which are subject to investment by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation through independent management companies and can only be spent on paying part of labor pensions to persons who have corresponding savings in personal savings accounts with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Federation.

Taking into account the universal nature of the inclusion of workers in the funded scheme and the insignificance of the accumulated resources for workers retiring during the first 5 years from the introduction of funded elements, it is planned to use them to partially finance pension payments only after 2005.

Thus, starting from 2005, labor pensions for the majority of those retiring in old age will consist of two parts, assigned on a distribution and funded basis.

As the pension savings of insured persons grow, the part of the labor pension financed from a funded source will increase and in the long term may reach a value equal to the value of the labor pension financed on a distribution basis.

In this regard, it is necessary to envisage, starting from 2005, changes in the procedure for calculating labor pensions financed on a distribution basis. The relative size of the part of pensions assigned on a distribution basis should gradually decrease as the part of pensions under the funded scheme increases.

The use of conditional savings accounts is based on the principle of registering contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on the individual personal account of each employee in the same way as if these contributions constituted real pension savings. In particular, the contributions reflected in the conditional savings account are indexed, or interest is conditionally accrued on them at agreed rates.

It is planned to gradually introduce funded elements of pension financing into state pension insurance. The transformation of the current procedure for assigning old-age pensions with a decrease in age due to special working conditions involves the implementation of measures aimed at transferring them to the scope of activities of professional pension systems. It is expected to consider the issue of assigning early pensions in connection with special working conditions based on the application of the currently valid Lists No. 1 and 2 of industries, works, professions, positions and indicators that give the right to an old-age pension on preferential terms taking into account the criteria for professional risk levels. It is advisable to apply these criteria as a mandatory condition for the implementation of rights to a professional pension, which will allow for a gradual transition from the formal grounds for recognizing the right to a preferential pension based on Lists No. 1 and 2 to the establishment of this right depending on the degree of actual risk of certain types of production (labor) activity for the health and ability to work of each individual employee.

The introduction of an additional tariff for insurance premiums should be synchronized with the implementation of tax reform, which involves reducing the overall level of taxation of the wage fund. The additional tariff for insurance premiums should be set in such a way that it does not cause a general increase in the level of taxation of the wage fund that existed before the tax reform.

To ensure the solution of this problem, it is necessary, as part of the reorganization of the system of preferential pensions assigned both in connection with special working conditions and in connection with residence in the Far North and equivalent areas, to prepare draft federal laws on amendments and additions to tax legislation , ensuring a real reduction in the insurance and tax burden on the wage fund.

Insurance premiums at the additional rate are transferred to authorized non-state pension funds. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure control by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation within the framework of personalized accounting of contribution payers and non-state pension funds.

The proposed approach to organizing professional pension insurance is directly related to the implementation of a personalized accounting system in the state pension insurance system throughout the Russian Federation.

Persons who, by the time the reform of professional pensions begins, will have more than half of the required length of service acquire the right to receive a pension on preferential terms from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. However, the duration of the period for receiving a preferential pension will be reduced depending on how many months the insured person lacks to reach the full minimum length of service. If, at the same time, these persons continue to work in workplaces with special working conditions, then additional insurance premiums paid for them by employers must go to the relevant professional pension systems and ensure the formation of an early (preferential) pension on a funded basis.

Payment of pensions from the moment of the right to early retirement in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation until the age at which the preferential pension begins to be paid to these persons by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation will have to be carried out exclusively through professional pension systems.

In professional pension systems, employer contributions must relate to the costs of production of products (works, services). It is advisable to provide benefits in terms of taxation of investment income within the framework of professional pension systems.

Reforming state pension insurance does not impede the development of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance). Such insurance can be carried out both at the expense of the insured themselves and at the expense of employers within the framework of collective and individual labor contracts.

The formation of a system of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) should be based on the development and improvement of the financial reliability of currently operating non-state pension funds.

It is advisable to organize taxation of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) according to the following scheme:

exemption of contributions for voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) from income tax and profit taxation within the established standard;

full or partial exemption of income from transactions with pension reserves from income tax and capital gains tax;

levying income tax on pension payments.

In order to ensure the reliability of the voluntary supplementary pension provision (insurance) system, it is necessary to create an effective mechanism for supervision and regulation of its activities, including:

reorganization of existing bodies for monitoring and regulating the development of the system of voluntary supplementary pension provision (insurance) in order to expand their functions, increase efficiency and responsibility;

improving the accounting and reporting system in the field of voluntary supplementary pension provision (insurance) and ensuring its information transparency;

establishing requirements for agreements concluded by non-state pension funds with management companies and depositories.

The formation of a multi-level system of guarantees for the safety of pension savings plays an extremely important role in the development of non-state pension funds.

The first level of such guarantees is the mandatory reserve fund of a non-state pension fund, the procedure for the formation of which will be established by regulations.

The second level of guarantees is the equity capital of management companies, depositories and non-state pension funds.

The third level of guarantees is a guarantee insurance fund, formed as a self-regulatory organization, subject to direct government control.

It would be advisable to make participation in the guarantee insurance fund mandatory for all non-state pension funds that provide compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation.

§ 4. Ways to carry out pension reform

A consequence of the destabilization of the financial situation of state pension insurance in the 90s was the discussion of the possibilities of carrying out pension reform.

The pension system in Russia has faced and still faces several complex, partly contradictory tasks, the main of which are:

· ensuring financial equivalence of income and liabilities of the pension system in the long term;

· improving the standard of living of pensioners;

· ensuring the adequacy of paid contributions to assigned pensions;

· not increasing, if possible, the level of burden on the payroll for contributions to the pension system.

Solving these problems was impossible while maintaining the distribution system, since, as the world experience of pension provision shows, in the context of a decrease in the ratio of the number of payers and pensioners (after 2013 it will begin to decline and by 2034 will approach 1) it requires a significant increase in pension rates . According to estimates, in order to maintain pension payments at the existing level while maintaining the distribution system, by 2050 the contribution rate should be increased to 45-50% of the payroll .

An increase in the generally established retirement age was discussed as a possible measure to preserve the distribution system. As world practice shows, a gradual increase in the retirement age is occurring in most countries with transition economies. For a short period of time, raising the retirement age makes it possible to stabilize the financial condition of the distribution system and delay the moment when the number of pensioners reaches the number of contributors, but it is not capable of fundamentally solving the tasks set. In addition, increasing the retirement age cannot be carried out in countries with low life expectancy, such as Russia. In addition, new “old” workers will need jobs or “take” them away from young ones.

Increasing the retirement age for receiving an old-age pension on a general basis could also significantly increase the number of people retiring due to disability.

Thus, maintaining the distribution system does not allow solving the set reform tasks. An alternative to the distribution system is the savings system, which, according to supporters of its implementation, has a number of significant advantages. Calculations by the Ministry of Labor show that with a contribution rate of 28% and investment income of 4.5% per annum, the payer needs 20 years to accumulate a pension in the amount of 50% of his salary .

The most important arguments in favor of a funded system are as follows:

· pre-financing of pension obligations will lead to an increase in the share of savings in the economy,

· the funded pension system will contribute to the formation and stabilization of capital markets,

· the demand for investment created through investment programs based on savings principles will stimulate economic growth, providing much-needed investment capital,

· the functioning of the savings system does not depend on demographic problems that threaten the existence of distribution systems almost all over the world,

· investment income will help reduce long-term pension costs.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the reliability and efficiency of the funded pension mechanism, like any financial mechanism, depends to a large extent on a number of conditions - sustainable and dynamic economic development, low inflation, developed financial, especially insurance institutions, as well as the presence of public confidence in the ongoing reforms.

The savings system also has a number of negative aspects. Its main disadvantage is that the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation has significant financial obligations to current and future pensioners. These circumstances will persist until the mid-40s, but the main burden of them will be in the first 20 years of the reform. In this connection, the formation of a funded component by reducing the tariff sent to the distribution system will inevitably lead to a decrease in the standard of living of pensioners in the near future.

§ 5. World experience in reforming pension systems

Strange as it may sound, the problem of reforming pension systems has faced many developed countries in recent years. The fact is that they, like Russia, until recently had a distribution system for assigning pensions (the so-called “first level” or system pay- us- you- go), and every year it becomes more and more unreliable. This is due to a number of reasons:

· dependence on the demographic situation (aging population, and as a result – a decrease in the ratio of the number of workers and the number of pensioners),

· growth in the average standard of living, which forces pensions to increase.

Almost all countries have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to move to more efficient pension systems. That is, the transition to a funded pension system, as well as voluntary pension savings of citizens. The transition program to the use of these systems has begun in all European countries and will finally be completed (according to the “EU Pension System Development Plan”) approximately in 2020. It should be noted that developed countries combine pension models in their pension systems to varying degrees.

The formation of models of national pension systems is the result of public agreement on the principles of construction and methods of implementing social policy. Such agreement is formed under the influence of the economic, cultural and national traditions of a particular country. A general and unchangeable condition for the organization of any pension system is the creation by the state of a legal, organizational and economic framework that ensures the preservation of the rights acquired by employees to a pension. The level of efficiency of the pension system is determined by the nature of:

- “external conditions” related to the situation in the economy, the activities of financial and insurance institutions;

- “internal conditions” determined by the specifics of a particular pension system (structure, types and subtypes of the system, the nature of its financial mechanisms);

And if the general direction of the reform does not cause disagreement, then there is no consensus on the specific directions of the reform. 4 main approaches have been developed:

· control of the growing obligations of the state, i.e. reducing the generosity of pension payments within the distribution system and increasing the retirement age (France and Germany followed this path)

· weakening of the “social contract”: gradual transfer of responsibility from the state to the citizen, the creation of tax incentives (Sweden and the USA) to solve the main problem of this method - the degree of mandatory pension contributions. Without this, pension systems develop slowly (Spain, Italy).

· “liberation of assets” - removal of barriers to investing pension reserves to increase their profitability (Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Spain),

· the most comprehensive – supplementing the distribution system with systems financed through market mechanisms (Hungary, Poland, Italy, Sweden, a number of Latin American countries), i.e. employees contributing part of their salaries to private pension funds.

When developing the pension reform project back in 1995, the question arose about the possibility of using the experience of foreign countries. The criterion for choosing a country is the similarity in the dynamics of social and demographic indicators of development. Oddly enough, the choice of reformers fell on the Kingdom of Sweden. A special role in the choice was played by the fact that parts of the general design of the pension model, completed and already used in Sweden - the mechanism for investing sources of financing the funded part of the pension, professional pension systems - have not yet been worked out and approved in Russia, and are now only beginning to be implemented in life. Despite the differences in the level of income of the population and living standards, the cost of living in both places relative to the income of the population is very high, which forces citizens to direct the bulk of their income to current consumption. In this regard, in both Russia and Sweden, the role of savings in ensuring old age is relatively small, and the dependence on wages is very high: in both Russia and Sweden, pensions make up the overwhelming majority of the population’s income, if not the only source of livelihood for them. For these countries, too, the ratio of workers to pensioners is deteriorating at an accelerating pace, making it impossible to use a distribution system based on intergenerational solidarity.

Sweden has a fairly long history of pension provision. The first model began operating in 1914. Then there were the reforms of the 60-70s. In 1990-1992, discussions about pension reform began again, which culminated in the development of a draft pension reform in 1998. About two and a half years after the adoption of the program it took to prepare practical measures for the implementation of the new pension model, which began on January 1, 2001.

Basically, the structure of the Swedish pension system is similar to the structure of the Russian pension system. (More precisely, the Russian pension system is similar to the Swedish one). However, several differences can be distinguished. Firstly, the guaranteed pension (analogous to the basic part of the labor pension) is provided only for people with low earnings 9 below $800 per month), and the guaranteed pension itself is about $620 dollars. Secondly, the distribution of the burden of paying pension payments is carried out in an equal manner for employers and employees, unlike in Russia, where 90% of payments fall on the employer. Thirdly, compulsory pension systems have already been introduced, only those planned in Russia. Fourthly, the total volume of payments to the Swedish pension system is: 16-22% for the insurance part of the pension, 2.5% for the funded part and 3.5% for the collectively negotiated part. This is slightly lower than the tariff that is established today in Russia (28% - nominal, 25.5% - real tariff, taking into account the regressive scale of the Unified Social Tax and pension payments). Despite this, according to the authors of the Swedish pension reform, they are not burdensome for the economy and are quite sufficient to provide pensions comparable to the standard of living in the country. Fifthly, pensions in Sweden are paid for life, but the frequency of payments and their size are set by the pensioner himself. And sixth, the main age group taken into account by Swedish law is citizens of the same age. This was used to avoid the possibility of a sharp increase in life expectancy, unsecured, not provided with financial resources to pay pensions for the increased period of survival, established statistically for each age group). This differentiated approach makes it possible to more realistically plan the required volumes of income and expenses of the pension system and competently manage its resources.

§ 6. Conducting pension reform

The contradictions of the pension system, which was in force until the end of 2001, showed that it was in a dead end from which it could not be brought out based only on cosmetic changes. Considering the impossibility of creating a full-fledged funded component, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to begin the formation of a mixed financing model, providing for the transformation of the distribution system into a conditionally funded system with the possibility of additional contributions under the funded scheme. An example of such a model is Latvia, where, starting from 1998, individual accounts have been created in which nominal accumulation occurs (i.e., indexation of deduction amounts). Such a scheme has incentives for later retirement, because the increase in pensions is ahead of the linear nature, and in addition, it has automatic stabilizers for adjusting the size of the pension depending on changes in life expectancy.

The Government of the Russian Federation decided, having fully fulfilled its obligations to pensioners under the old legislation, to abandon both the law of November 20, 1990 and Law No. 113 of the Federal Law, to prepare a package of laws in 2001, thus introducing new pension legislation in 2002.

At the end of 2001, the President of the Russian Federation signed 5 pension laws (“On the management of state pension provision (insurance)”, “On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation”, “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”, “On state pension provision in the Russian Federation”, and also laws on changes in tax legislation), which formed the basis for pension reform. At the same time, pensions were also increased: the average pension by the end of 2001 was 1,240 rubles.

With the beginning of the reform - on January 1, 2002 - the conversion of citizens' pension rights began, thereby marking the transition from a distribution to a conditionally funded (distribution-savings) pension system. It affected both those who are already retired and those who, having earned a certain amount of rights under the old pension model, continue to work until they reach retirement age or after it. The structure of funding sources and the new pension structure (as well as the one in force until January 1, 2002) are presented on Figure 2.2.

The greatest problems arise when converting the rights of the so-called transit generations - those age groups who, having earned pension rights in the old model, have not yet reached retirement age. All of them virtually retired as of 01/01/02 and were accrued a pension in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 113 Federal Law. It separated the insurance and basic parts, which are indexed according to the new laws. New insurance contributions will be added to the old ones, thus increasing the total amount of the pension.

In addition, for men under 50 years of age and women under 45 years of age, there is another part of their pension - accumulative, which plays the role of a reserve in case of a predicted deterioration in the demographic situation. A certain percentage of insurance premiums is allocated for these purposes. These funds, at the choice of citizens, will be directed to certain investment projects selected by the state or (presumably from 2004) non-state pension funds, and investment income, together with the funded part, will be added to the pension capital when calculating the pension.

§ 7. Forecast for the development of the pension system

In addition, reforming the pension system in the Russian Federation should be based on the fact that the rights of citizens acquired within the framework of the state pension system should be identical to the state obligations of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, the main features of the pension system of the Russian Federation should be the following main features:

· Indexation of the basic and insurance parts of the labor pension at rates faster than the price growth index, taking into account the growth rates of average wages in the country, based on the current pension legislation, the main indicators of the socio-economic development of Russia until 2005 of the Ministry of Economic Development, as well as the “Pension system reform program” until 2010."

· The amount of earnings (income) taken into account when determining the amount of a pension is not limited, and when calculating this earnings, it is necessary to take into account the entire period of working activity.

· In order to ensure equal opportunities for different age groups currently working, when forming pension capital, it is necessary to take into account their pension rights guaranteed by the current pension legislation, taking into account the period remaining until a particular citizen reaches retirement age

· Creation of an institute of additional pensions for workers in hazardous industries and special working conditions. These are the so-called professional pension systems. The phase of practical implementation of this stage of the reform directly depends on the timing of consideration of the relevant bills (“On compulsory professional pension systems in the Russian Federation” and “On the insurance contribution to finance compulsory professional pension systems”) in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. At the moment, the laws have been adopted by the State Duma in the first reading. The approximate date for introducing these pension systems is 2003-2004.

· But the main stage of the pension reform will be the process of actually placing pension reserves into specific investment packages with the direct participation of non-state pension funds and close state control.

Pension provision remains one of the main social guarantees for citizens of Russia, and the pension system of the Russian Federation is a multi-link complex of state social protection bodies responsible for the appointment and payment of pensions and bodies of the Pension Fund of Russia (PFRF).

The problem of population aging, which affects all aspects of the activities of the state and society, at the stage of reforming the economy and the structure of society, poses important tasks for the Russian Federation on the path to sustainable social development, ensuring the collective security of Russian citizens throughout their lives.

Following the recommendations and principles set out in UN documents on the problems of population aging, and guided by them, the Russian Federation intends to formulate and implement its own strategy to respond to the new challenge of the time.

The Concept formulates the principles and most important directions of state social policy. The concept is the basis for the development of official documents, specific programs and activities in areas where the interests of older people are affected.

The provisions of the Concept are supplemented, clarified and specified in resolutions, orders, action plans and other documents approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In conclusion, I would like to note. It is easy to assess the state of society. It is more difficult, but still possible, to describe the state that she is trying to achieve. But the most difficult thing is to propose a program for transition from one state to another. Russia faces the task of finally choosing the direction of further reform in the next 10 years and, abstracting from the opinions of interested structures, radically changing the pension system in accordance with the realities of the time. We have to come the way that developed countries have been going through for decades, and under more favorable conditions.

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Bazhanova A. Main directions of development of the pension system of the Russian Federation. //Economic and legal bulletin No. 1, 1998.

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