Stage-by-stage development of a child up to one year. Child development by month: norms. Stages of child development up to one year: boy, girl. Physical development of children by month to year. Child in the twelfth month of life

The birth of a child is like a miracle; from two cells a small but full-fledged person develops. Just by looking at the baby, you forget about all the difficulties, fears, and worries. Children under one year old are incredibly fragile creatures. Caring for them requires certain knowledge, skills, psychological and physical preparation.

From birth the child requires correct attitude to yourself. The formation of personality and health depends on what the first year of his life will be like and how the foundation will be laid. A child from 0 to one year old learns to interact with the world around him through his parents.

It’s not easy at first when you’re young loving mother take care of the baby. He is so helpless that he cannot explain the reason for his anxiety. Perhaps his tummy hurts, or he wants to eat, or maybe he just sleeps. Mom gradually learns to understand when the child needs to be fed, put to bed, played with and given attention. It is necessary to observe how the child gains weight, how many centimeters he grows, what abilities he has. Do the indicators agree with the monthly development table? Of course, it is not at all necessary that the child will correspond to the average parameters from the table. All children are individual, so some deviations are possible. If you have any doubts, you should consult with specialists.

Development by months

1 month

In the first month, the baby sleeps almost all the time. His movements are not coordinated. With his gaze he learns to follow a certain object, for example a bright toy. The child begins to listen to sounds and blinks when there is a loud bang. From a position on his tummy, he tries to hold his head, at first for a few seconds. It is possible to show a smile, but so far this happens unconsciously.

2 month

The child's activity time increases. Coordination of movements improves, dragging various objects into the mouth. He is happy when people talk to him, gesticulates with his legs and arms, and smiles. Turns his head towards the source of the noise. Its first sounds appear. Loves to be held by mom or dad.

3 months

A child's sleep time is reduced to 15 hours a day. He can hold his head up for about half a minute. From a distance of two meters it follows the movement of a bright object. The baby loves to play with his hands, which are less often clenched into a fist. He begins to identify his family members. He studies his face and body by feeling. The child pleases his parents with his smile much more often. In response to the conversation, he begins to hum. If he is bored, he tries to draw attention to himself.

During the day, the child sleeps up to three times. Holds his head confidently, lifts it while lying on his back. Can hold a rattle tightly and play with it. He lifts his legs and tries to touch them. The baby already recognizes his mother well, is very happy with her, walks and smiles. Active play time can reach two hours. In the development of children from 0 to one year, this period is the time when the first teeth begin to erupt.

5 months

The baby is very inquisitive, can roll over from his back to his side, and then onto his tummy. Removing a sock from a foot is a fairly simple task for him. Lying on his stomach, leaning on straightened arms. Repeats the sounds a, o, the consonants d, m, p are often heard. He tries to sit up, but not always successfully.

6 months

Some children can sit confidently. Attempts to crawl begin. He can tumble in all directions. He can knock, shake the toy, that is, interact with it in all ways. Can eat from a spoon and drink from a special cup held by adults.

7 months

The baby makes sounds similar to ma-ma, ba-ba. Holding onto the crib, he can stand up and sit confidently. Knows what to do to make the rattle rattle, and rubber toy squeaked. Recognizes his name and reacts to it.

8 months

Sits and lies down independently, can walk while holding onto support. Tries to overcome all obstacles that appear on his way. Likes to listen to nursery rhymes and pronounces similar words.

9 months

Learns to build a pyramid. Can play alone for a while. Climbs onto a chair or sofa, imitates adults. Shows familiar objects and animals in the book.

He crawls very quickly, plays with objects for their intended purpose, so he needs enough variety. The child shows interest in other children. He can wave his hand goodbye, clap his hands.

11 months

Speaks in his own way, using intonation. Begins to walk independently. He becomes quiet around strangers and stays close to his mother.

12 months

Steps become more confident. Repeats after adults: sweeps the floor, repairs toys. Wants to eat himself with a spoon. In other words, the child becomes independent.

A baby has appeared in your family - it’s wonderful! But many things are unclear to young mothers: whether the child is developing correctly, whether he has health problems, how to help him master the world. Woman’s Day will tell you about the peculiarities of a child’s development from the first month to a year, and our expert, pediatrician Elena Startseva, will clarify which symptoms of the baby are best taken to the doctor.

First month: what a child should be able to do

So far, the baby does not have skills, but reflexes that were given to him from birth. They help him eat, protect him from the dangers of this world, and at the same time help him explore it. There are 10 most important of them.

  1. Sucking and swallowing reflexes. They help you find and suckle at the breast. Tickle your baby's nose or chin with a nipple and he will turn his head and open his mouth. True, for a week or two he still won’t understand what to do with his breasts in order to get enough. And you yourself will have to put the nipple into his mouth. This reflex disappears by four months.
  2. Gag reflex. It saves the child from the danger of choking by forcing him to use his tongue to push any object out of his mouth. This reflex remains with us for the rest of our lives, but the tongue is only involved in it for up to 6 months. After this, the child will be able to learn to swallow solid food.
  3. Withdrawal reflex. The baby withdraws a leg or arm if it is pricked or hurt.

4. Breathing reflex. It protects the child during bathing: if the baby slips into the water, he will stop breathing for a few seconds so as not to choke. As soon as you lift it out of the water, breathing will resume. This reflex disappears by three months. That is why followers of early swimming recommend teaching children to dive before this period - after all, if you stimulate the breathlessness reflex, it will turn from innate to acquired.

5. Crawling reflex. If you put your baby on his tummy and put your hands on his soles, he will begin to push away from them, as if crawling away. The reflex will disappear by the third month of the baby's life.

6. Reflex of maintaining correct head position. It helps the baby hold his head, legs and torso in a position that is as safe as possible for breathing. For example, if you place a newborn on his stomach, he will turn his head to the side to breathe. And if you put a diaper on a child lying on his back, he will begin to turn his head and wave his arms, as if trying to throw it off.

7. Grasping reflex. The baby clenches his fists when objects, mother's fingers or hair get caught in them. Later, with the help of this reflex, he will learn to grab toys, and then make more complex movements. The grasping reflex weakens by three months, and will disappear by six months.

8. Fencer's reflex. If a newborn lying on his back turns his head to the side, his arm and leg will turn after it - and the baby assumes the so-called fencing pose. By three to four months the reflex disappears.

9. Foot reflexes. If you press on the baby's foot at the base of the toes, they will compress, and if you rub along the outer edge of the foot, they will straighten.

10. Walking reflex. If a newborn is held above the surface so that his legs rest on it, he will begin to step over them - tucking in one, straightening the other, as if walking. The reflex will disappear by the third month.

Height and weight: weight – from 2.8 kg to 4 kg, height – from 46 cm to 56 cm.

Features during this period: The baby's senses are not yet developed, so we can say that he sees poorly, hears poorly and does not coordinate his movements.

A newborn may have convergent strabismus (it will go away in about two to two and a half months), nystagmus (quivering of the eyeballs). But by the end of the month, as a rule, babies learn to fix their vision on an object - most often it is their mother’s face. Nature designed it so that the baby sees exactly him during breastfeeding, so a newborn sees more or less well what is located 20 centimeters from him.

The child’s hearing is also reduced in the first two weeks, since the tympanic cavity is filled with fluid. But by the end of the month he begins to perceive voices, music and distinguish his mother’s and father’s speech from others.

During this period, the baby does not recognize his body as something separate; for him, the whole world around him and he himself are one. His movements are chaotic. Moreover, he does not own his arms and legs, does not understand that they belong to him. This is why newborns are swaddled when they are put to bed - the baby can suddenly wave his hand and get scared.

A newborn is characterized by muscle hypertonicity: his arms are constantly bent at the elbows, his legs are at the knees, his hands are clenched into fists. U developed child up to a month this is the physiological norm.

How to develop a child: During this period, development should be aimed at improving the baby’s vision, hearing and muscle sense. The first two senses are trained with the help of toys, the third - with massage and gymnastics.

1. Games with rattles. You can start exercising as early as the second week of your baby’s life. Show a bright rattle to a baby lying on his back at a distance of 40 centimeters. Then, shaking it, slowly move it to the right, then to the left. Bring it closer to 20 centimeters, then move it away again. This is how the child learns to fix his gaze and follow the toy. The older the baby, the longer the game can last and the faster and more varied its pace will be.

Let your baby have a good look at your face - for now it’s more entertaining than any toy!

Hearing also develops with the help of rattles, a tambourine or a metallophone. At a distance of 30-40 centimeters from the child, rattle or knock them, but so that he does not yet see the toy. When, after several repetitions, the baby begins to look for the source of the sound with his eyes, he needs to be shown the rattle.

There are a lot of books for newborns on sale now - big pictures are installed against the walls of the crib, and the child, lying on his side (this is the most best pose for a baby of this age!), is considering them. It is best if the pictures are black and white - bright colors while they scare the baby. And with great pleasure he will look at black and white photographs of you and your husband!

2. Gymnastics. The most effective exercise for a baby in the first months of life is to lie on the stomach on a hard surface (for example, on a changing table covered with a sheet) in the “frog” position, head to one side. It should be done at least 30 minutes after eating! Firstly, this strengthens the abdominal muscles, which means fewer problems with the tummy - less gas, constipation, reduced risk umbilical hernia. Secondly, muscle tone is removed from the legs. Thirdly, it is in this position that newborns learn to lift and hold their heads. And finally, fourthly, it is in the position on the stomach that the baby will later learn to roll over and crawl.

Massotherapy Trust the professionals, but you can do some exercises from it yourself already in the third week of the baby’s life. Start the gymnastics by stroking the arms, legs, tummy (clockwise), and back.

1. Stimulate the foot reflexes - press on the foot at the base of the toes so that they compress, and then move with pressure along the outer edge of the foot - they open.

2. Place the baby on his back, fold his arms crosswise on his chest, pull the bent legs towards his stomach, and tilt his head slightly towards the chest. It was in this position that the baby was in your stomach for all 9 months, and now it will help relieve increased tone. Rock back and forth; the exercise develops the child’s vestibular apparatus.

3. In the “frog” pose it is convenient to do another exercise – crawling. Grab your baby's shins and apply pressure to his soles. The child will reflexively straighten his legs and push away from your hands.

4. At the end of the month, you can carefully begin exercises on a large inflatable ball. Place the newborn on it in the same “frog” position, gently rock the ball back and forth in a circle.

Doctor's comment

The mother should be alerted to the child's prolonged crying during the day - more than 30 minutes. She fed, changed the diaper, put him to bed - the baby did not calm down. This may be a manifestation of neurology - the newborn has a headache. At the same time, the child begins to experience colic - abdominal pain due to increased gas production. How not to confuse neurology with colic? The latter is related to food. The mother fed the baby and after 30-40 minutes colic occurs. And if it’s neurology, it’s not related to food.

Other manifestations of neurology: the chin shakes when crying. Marbling of the skin is not good, especially if the child is clean and does not freeze. Another point: normally, the baby should burp after each feeding - that’s all. If you vomit more often, this is also a reason to consult a doctor.

You should also be alarmed if by the end of the first month the baby does not follow the rattle with his eyes. In this case, it is worth checking his vision.

Second month

What a child can do: The first – the most difficult – period for mother and baby ends. They are almost accustomed to each other and the world that has changed around them. By the second month, the child is already able to fix his eyes on an object or face. He follows a moving object and briefly examines a stationary one. The newborn has learned to listen to sounds. And now he singles out his mother’s familiar face, her voice, from the chaos of the surrounding world and begins to smile at her! You will immediately distinguish this conscious happy smile from that unconscious blissful smile that could previously flash on his well-fed face after eating.

This month the child begins to gurgle, although his first “ahu” is just mouth exercises.

In the middle and towards the end of the second month, most children begin to raise and hold their heads while lying on their stomachs, for a very short time - for 1–1.5 minutes. To support your baby, continue to do gymnastics with him.

Height and weight: weight – from 3.5 kg to 5 kg, height – from 51 cm to 57 cm.

Features during this period: Hypertonicity gradually begins to decrease - the fists begin to unclench, the legs straighten more easily.

How to develop a child: continue the games and exercises you did before. And add a few new ones that train the muscles of the neck and arms. It is not necessary to do all the activities every day - you can alternate them. Pay attention to which of them are unpleasant for the child - if he is capricious, put them aside for a while and come back later.

Also, in the 2nd month of life, it is good to conduct the first course of professional massage.

1. Start playing Magpie Crow– This is an excellent massage for baby’s palms. Stroke first one, then the other in a circular motion with pressure, saying:

The magpie-crow was cooking porridge,

She cooked porridge and fed the children.

Now gently massage each finger, stretching it slightly:

Gave to this, gave to this, gave to this, gave to this,

But she didn’t give it to this.

Kids usually perceive this game very positively.

2. Another exercise to relieve hypertension, and allows the baby to learn new things about this world. Place fabrics and objects of different textures into his fist - fur, suede, silk, wood, wool. When your child squeezes the object, gently pull.

3. You can start doing exercise "airplane". Lie on your back and place your baby on top of you, belly to belly. Slowly, holding him by the sides, lift him above you, telling him that he is an airplane and is now taking off. Hold it in the air, swing it slightly left and right (if he doesn’t protest) and lower it back down. Repeat until your baby gets tired of it.

4. Rolling- a very important exercise that will need to be repeated until the baby learns to roll over (this will happen at four to five months). Place the child on his back, let him grab your index finger on his left hand with his right hand. Gently pull him by the right handle so that he rolls first onto his left side and then onto his stomach. Now let him grab your right index finger with his left hand and pull so that he rolls onto his right side and then onto his back. Please note: when rolling onto his back, you need to help him press his left hand!

Doctor's comment

By the end of the second month, hypertonicity gradually decreases - the child opens his fists and stretches out his arms. If the tone remains at the same level as in the first month, this should alert you.

If by the end of the second month the baby cannot hold his head while lying on his stomach, at least for a few seconds, you should think about it. This happens in most children, which means that the muscular skeleton is well formed. The normal range for this skill is from one and a half months to two and a half.

If every month a child is slightly behind the norm in all physical parameters, developing “along the lower corridor,” but there are no other pathologies, this is not a reason to panic. Gradually he will catch up with his peers. However, there is a pattern, although not medically proven: if a child turns over later, sits up later, stands up later, speech delay is often observed in the future.

In the second month, mothers often experience a lack of milk. Keep an eye on this if your baby begins to gain weight worse. At two months you can start giving your baby some water.

Third month

What a child can do: he began to sleep less - now your baby has enough sleep during the day for 4-5 hours. The main achievement is that at this age children begin to confidently hold their heads and lie on their stomachs, leaning on their forearms! Of course, this position promotes development, because now the newborn sees and analyzes much more! Most children like this position: by about four months, colic ends, lying on the tummy becomes comfortable and interesting for babies. Therefore, they will try to roll over from lying on their back to their stomach, and some will already be able to turn on their side! Starting at this age, do not leave your baby alone on an unfenced surface, especially if he is lying high.

Height and weight: weight – from 5.3 kg to 6.9 kg, height – from 58 cm to 64 cm.

Features during this period: Another great achievement - the baby paid attention to his hands. He has not yet learned to control them, but he can look at the fists for a long time.

How to develop a child: Now it’s worth moving on to exercises and games that stimulate the position of lying on your stomach while holding your head. Also continue physical exercise past months.

1. Place the baby on his stomach. Choose a bright sounding toy - a rattle or a tambourine - and shake it, encouraging the child to lift his head to see where the sound is coming from. After he raises his head several times and looks at the toy, turn the baby onto his stomach and let him examine the rattle carefully.

2. Find several balls with a diameter 2–2.5 centimeters with different textures - hard, soft, rough, smooth. You can buy special ones at a toy store or pick one yourself. Place the ball in the middle of the child's palm (he will wrap his four fingers around them), and help him hold it. The child must hold the object for 3 to 10 seconds). Change the handle. In one lesson you can “touch” 3-5 objects.

3. It's time to hang your baby over the crib garland-rattle. Again, you can buy it at the store or make it yourself. Developmental mats with pendants are perfect. Hang the toy so that the baby, lying down, can reach it with his hand. Show your baby several times how to knock on the garland with your hand and let him repeat. If your child is still afraid of the sounds he makes, return to this game later.

4. Useful walk around the apartment with a newborn, holding him in an upright position facing away from you, introducing him to the home. Choose a large, bright interior detail - you can put a toy or rattle on the shelf, stop in front of it. Show the child, name it, shake the toy, say: “Look!” - and let me look at it.

5. At three months, babies love to cuddle in their fists. various rustling sounds: Now they sell rustling books, with rattles with rustling parts.

Doctor's comment

In the third month, most children, lying on their stomachs, hold their heads and rest on their forearms. By the end of the month, the baby turns over on at least one side. According to the norms, he should even roll over onto his tummy. But now there are few such children. Pathology, if in the third month the child does not raise his head at all.

It’s bad if a child doesn’t follow a bright toy. He should already be able to reach the pendant with his handle, and if he doesn’t pay attention to the rattle, it’s possible problem with vision.

The baby already knows his name when he is addressed. The newborn coos, well, at least he says “ah”. If this is not the case, the mother should check his hearing: call the child by name, he should turn his head. Or rattle the tambourine on one side, then on the other - each time he should look for the source of the sound.

Fourth month

What a child can do: The baby, lying on his stomach, leans on his arms. And the further you go, the more confident you are! A newborn is actively learning to roll over from back to tummy and back. For some kids this happens faster, for others a little later. This also depends on the physical development of the baby - after all, all the muscles of the body are involved in this exercise! If the matter drags on, conduct a course of therapeutic massage.

The baby actively walks, smiles, and curiously studies the faces of loved ones, especially his mother. If you often called him by name before, then by the age of four months the child had time to learn it. And after some time he will begin to turn to you when you call him. Say out loud more often—slowly and drawling the words a little—the names of family members, animals, and favorite toys.

By four months the baby can confidently lean on his arms

Height and weight: weight – from 5.8 kg to 7.7 kg, height – from 60 cm to 66 cm.

Features during this period: The baby finally develops the ability to focus his gaze on an object - now he can estimate its volume and distance to it. It is at this time that he begins to learn to pick up objects. This is a long and painstaking process. Help your newborn: attract his attention with a rattle. But don’t rush your baby and give him the opportunity to try to reach it himself. It is unlikely that he will be able to grab her the first time, much less hold her. Then place the rattle in his palm and help him squeeze.

Another feature that begins to clearly appear during this period is chewing and licking everything that the child can reach. Don't be discouraged: licking, like palpating, is essential for baby's brain and skill development. The main thing is to make sure that he comes across clean and safe objects (at least 4 cm in diameter!).

How to develop a child: Our old exercises with a rattle need to be complicated - after all, the baby’s capabilities have grown! Now we develop the ability to grasp objects, recognize faces, and also train muscles through gymnastics.

1. A wonderful game that you can play for a long time - "peek-a-boo". Sit with your baby lying on his back so that he can see your face. Cover your face with a scarf or diaper, and then open it with the words: “Where is mommy? Cuckoo! I'm here!" At first the child will be stunned, but gradually the game will cause delight. The next stage is to hide and find the baby’s face under the scarf.

2. "Horned goat"- another fun thing that will amuse a child at this age. Let’s not forget about the old “Magpie-Crow” exercise.

3.Activities with rattles change a little. You show the child a familiar rattle, 60-80 centimeters away from him, moving it left and right so that the baby follows it with his eyes. The rattle is then hovered over the baby so he can focus his eyes on it. As soon as the child's attention is distracted from the toy (and this will happen quickly), you set it in motion again. This is how he learns to focus on the subject. Now bring the toy closer to the child so that he reaches out his hand to it. If the baby is inactive, put the rattle in his hand yourself. Then repeat the exercise with new toy. At the end of the lesson, demonstrate the familiar and new rattles to your baby again. Don't forget to talk to your newborn, comment on his actions and call him by name.

4. Finding the source of the sound. Take a tambourine or bell, but so that the child does not see. Rattle/ring until the newborn turns his head towards the sound. Then show him the toy, bring it closer to the baby and let him look at it, let him take it with his hand. Then hide again and repeat the same on the other side.

5. It's time to study the tambourine. Show your baby how to hit it with your palm or fist several times, and after a while he will begin to repeat.

We are introducing new gymnastic exercises. In them we will also use the baby’s new ability to grab objects. IN in this case he will hold his mother's thumbs in his fists.

6. Exercise "Criss-cross". Place your newborn's thumbs into his fists so he can grab onto them. Smoothly spread your baby's arms to the sides, and then cross them alternately on your chest. If your arms are tense due to tone, shake them slightly. If your child doesn’t like the exercise, do what he is already used to, and return to the new one a little later.

7. Exercise "Boxing". Place your thumbs in your child's palms and use your other fingers to lightly hold his hands. Alternately bend and straighten your baby's arms; when straightening, she should move straight and forward, imitating the blows of a boxer. Don't jerk sharply.

8.Pull-up. Let your baby grab your thumbs and hold his hands with your other fingers. Gently straighten his arms and encourage him to lift his head and upper body. Allow him to sit down to no more than 45 degrees, then carefully lay him back down.

9. Turning over. The exercise encourages the baby to independently roll over from back to stomach and back. Place your index finger in the child's hand and clasp his hand with the rest of your fingers. With the index finger and thumb of your other hand, clasp one of the baby’s legs at the bottom of the shin, and with the rest of your fingers clasp the other leg at the same level. This grip is called a “fork”. Holding the baby’s legs with a “fork” and straightening them slightly, turn the baby’s pelvis forward. The baby will turn his head and upper body in the same direction. Hold him on his side for a few seconds - this will train his neck muscles. Pull the handle forward and the child will roll over onto his stomach. Another version of this flip: grab his right leg and, slightly bending the knee, move it from right to left until the child touches the surface with his knee. The baby will turn his shoulders and head on his own, all you have to do is pull the arms out from under the chest.

A rollover from stomach to back is done like this: take the baby by the leg and gently turn the lower part of the body, the shoulders and head will turn on their own. At first, hold the back of the child's head.

Perform turns 2-3 times in each direction. When your baby masters them, you can roll him left and right all over the sofa. Sometimes it happens that turning in one direction is easier than turning in the other. In this case, the “heavy” side needs to be stimulated by turning over there more often.

Doctor's comment

A possible problem can be noticed during the “pull-up” exercise: when the mother lets the baby grab his thumbs, he holds on and pulls himself up. If everything is in order, the child can be raised almost to a sitting position. If the grasping reflex in the hands is poorly developed, the baby cannot grab a hold and falls. This is neurology - urgently see a doctor.

By the end of the fourth month, most children are able to roll over onto their stomach - at least in one direction. As a rule, they do not first turn over in both directions, but choose one - to the right or to the left, which is much easier. If your baby cannot do this, consult a doctor. As a rule, at this stage, massage is enough for the baby to begin to roll over.

This is also the month when, according to the new calendar, they begin to introduce complementary foods - children's Apple juice. If the baby is gaining weight and height well, then you can give it, or you can postpone it until the sixth month. If you are underweight, then you need to start introducing complementary foods. And if you are very underweight, then introduce porridge rather than juice.

Fifth month

What a child can do: Over the past month, your baby has learned two important things - to roll over from back to stomach and back, and to grasp objects. And now he is improving these skills.

Some children, who are well physically developed, try to get up on their knees and even sit up from this position. But so far they only succeed for a few seconds - the back is still weak, and the head is too heavy. Even if the baby sits down, he will immediately fall onto his side. It is too early to force a child to sit down at this age - there may be a curvature of the spine.

Other children, kneeling down, try to crawl, but their arms are still weak for real movement, so for now the kids do it like a “caterpillar.”

Now the child has learned to grab objects himself; while this is a monkey's grasp, he still does not know how to grab toys with his fingers.

Height and weight: weight – from 6.2 kg to 8.4 kg, height – from 62 cm to 69 cm.

Features during this period: But the baby still doesn’t know how to put the toy down after picking it up. It simply falls out of his hands when he is distracted by something.

At this age (for some a little earlier, for others later), the gums begin to itch - the child’s first pair of teeth are about to come out (as a rule, these are the lower incisors). That's why he puts all the objects he can reach into his mouth. Rattles with special inserts or teethers will help here.

How to develop a child: continue the exercises of previous months, you can add new ones.

1. Roll over and grab it! The baby is lying on his back, you hide the rattle at his side and shake it until he turns his head. Then show him the toy and bring it to the baby’s hand, but do not give it until he, reaching for it, turns over on his stomach. Then give the newborn a rattle in his hands. Next time, turn in the other direction.

2. Do the sit-down exercise. Then take the baby’s arms with your left hand, bringing them together in front and at the top. Run your index and middle fingers along the child's spine - he will reflexively straighten his back. The exercise prepares the baby to sit independently. But don't let him sit for a long time - until he learns to do it himself.

3. We stand on all fours. When the child lies on his stomach, lifting the front part of the body on his arms, holding him under the stomach, bend his knees and lock him in this position. Rock back and forth gently. Then try to remove your hands and let him stand on all fours on his own.

4. Hold the baby vertically under the arms, facing you. The baby will be "to dance along" Encourage him to stand on his full foot, although he will try to stand on his toes due to tone.

Doctor's comment

By this time, the child should have a well-developed grasping reflex: if he does not hold the toy in his hand, this is a deviation.

Support on the legs has already been formed: that is, if the child is placed on a hard surface, held under the armpits, the foot should stand straight, he should not fall in different directions, or bend his legs. Otherwise, it is weakness of the leg muscles. A massage is needed - after all, the baby will soon be able to sit and crawl. If you miss it, everything will be delayed.

Sixth month

What a child can do: baby on the way to sitting and crawling. At the end of the sixth month, especially advanced ones can sit with a straight back, but more often they still lean on their arms. Remember: you cannot put your child on pillows until he himself learns to sit with his back supported! Don’t panic, the baby won’t sit down, it means the back and abdominal muscles are not ready yet.

By the end of the sixth month, the child also begins to crawl on his belly, and every day he will move faster and faster. However, if the child does not crawl, do not worry: some children do not crawl at all, but they master walking earlier than their peers: first they stand up with support from a sitting position, then take their first steps.

Height and weight: weight – from 7 kg to 9 kg, height – 64 cm to 70 cm.

Features during this period: if the baby sits, then only in Turkish: the legs are not yet fully straightened due to the tone.

At this age, the child begins to distinguish between friends and strangers. If a stranger takes him in his arms, he tenses up slightly and may even cry.

At five and a half to six months, the first complementary foods are usually introduced. Doctors advise some children to start with special cereals, others - vegetables. Usually the first experience turns out to be lumpy: the baby just talks about complementary foods and tries. Don't force it, he will gradually learn to put food in his mouth.

Most often, the first lower teeth erupt at six to seven months. For some this happens more painfully - with sleepless nights, fever, diarrhea, for others it is easier. Be patient!

How to develop a child: We stimulate new skills – sitting and crawling! To do this, continue the exercises from the fifth month and introduce new ones.

1. When a baby tries to crawl(and he will do this almost constantly), stimulate his efforts with a bright, possibly moving toy, which must be placed in front of him at a short distance.

2. Exercise "Airplane"– his children love him very much. Lie on your back with your knees pressed to your chest. Place the baby on his stomach on top of them, holding his hands. And gently sway on bent legs, saying: “The airplane has flown!” When he gets used to it, lift him higher and higher.

3. Rocking on your leg. Sit cross-legged, place the child on the foot, with the stomach on the shin. Shake your leg, holding him by the arms and saying: “Over the hummocks, over the hummocks, along the small paths, into the hole - bang, crushed forty flies.” When the baby learns to sit, sit him on your lap and toss him up with the same saying.

Doctor's comment

It’s completely pathological if the baby doesn’t roll over by the sixth month.

Few can still sit even by the end of the month. But if the baby tries to sit up earlier, in the fifth month (there are also such rushes), this can be fraught with curvature of the spine - the child’s body is not yet ready for such a load. Do not let him sit down - put him in child seats, where he will be in a reclining position.

In the sixth month, the newborn will be interested in the mirror: the baby already understands that it is him, and can admire himself for an hour. If it is difficult to stand with a child in your arms, you can buy a toy with a mirror.

If complementary feeding is introduced this month, and it is porridge, then it is better to choose buckwheat - it is hypoallergenic and well digestible. And those children who weigh a little more than their peers start with vegetables.

You can start looking at books with big pictures

Height and weight: weight – from 7.2 kg to 10.1 kg, height – from 65 cm to 72 cm.

Features during this period: Some parents of a baby who is actively exploring the apartment by crawling put him in a playpen at this age: needless to say, he now requires a lot of attention and patience! But, firstly, some children actively protest by crying. And secondly, it will slow down the speed of comprehension of the science of crawling, and then walking. In addition, expanding the space for the child (after all, he crawls throughout the apartment!) will definitely give impetus to brain development. Therefore, the best place for a seven-month-old baby is the floor (of course, clean and without dangerous objects). The sofa is not suitable because it is more difficult to move on a soft surface.

At this age, the baby is able to play with only one toy, and he quickly gets bored with it. Just replace it with a new one. But he himself is not yet capable of giving the object away: if you try to take it away by force, there will be a scandal. Just offer him a toy in return, and he will immediately forget about the old one.

How to develop a child: We introduce exercises that will help the baby crawl on all fours. We develop speech skills.

1. Encourage your baby to talk There is only one way - to talk to him. Name the food he eats, dishes, items of clothing and body parts. While walking, show and name the animals, cars, plants you meet, and draw his attention to other children. Read simple age-appropriate books with large, bright pictures. Describe his actions to the child (“Petya took the toy”), ask him to turn on his tummy and back. Of course, now he won’t answer you and is unlikely to be able to fulfill your request, but gradually he will remember your words.

2. We train the arm muscles. Place a toy in front of your child. Raise it horizontally above the table so that it rests on your outstretched arms. Support your stomach with one hand and your legs with the other. Gently push the child's arms, encouraging him to “go” to the toy. If he moves on his fists (tone!), pull him back so that his palms straighten.

3. Let's sit by one hand. The baby lies on his back, you hold his legs. We place the thumb in his handle, straighten it and slightly pull it up, encouraging the child to sit down. At the same time, he will lean on the table with the other handle. When he sits down, run your fingers along the spine to straighten his back. Repeat the exercise for the other handle. It not only teaches you to sit down, but also strengthens your abdominal muscles.

4. The baby is lying on his stomach, you are standing behind. Let him grab your thumbs, spread your baby's straight arms to the sides and lift them up. The child will raise his head, bend back and rest his feet on your stomach. Gently lift him up until he is on his knees.

A very important stage in development fine motor skills– grasping an object not with all five fingers, but with the big one and index fingers(pincer grip). The hand also becomes more flexible: by the eighth month, the child can learn to wave (“bye-bye”) and clap his hands.

IN speech development also progress: he begins to combine syllables, and not just repeat the same ones (for example, “ay-ay”). And also always reacts when you call his name.

As the sucking reflex weakens a little, the baby learns to drink from a cup or a special sippy cup. Let him drink a sip, holding a cup or sippy cup in his hands.

Cubes, pyramids, lids - favorite toys of this time

Height and weight: weight – from 7.2 kg to 10.4 kg, height – from 68 cm to 73 cm.

Features during this period: all the achievements of the past and this month develop the child’s brain - he begins to develop the rudiments of independence. Now, if something doesn’t work out, he will be upset or indignant.

A feature of this age is anxiety: at the slightest absence (you went to the kitchen to get water), the baby begins to scream and cry. The same thing happens when a stranger picks him up. Although this feature is difficult for the mother, it is an indicator that the child is developing correctly. The reason for the anxiety is that the baby’s internal time has slowed down. Previously, he lived for seconds and simply did not notice your departure. Now he is able to distinguish between friends and strangers, and time for him has begun to be measured in minutes: he realizes that his mother has left, but he cannot understand when she will return. The baby is not yet able to tolerate your absence - he is scared. If possible, take it with you everywhere, and if it’s completely impossible, say: “I’ll be back very soon!”, and when you return: “I’m back.” Not immediately, but after a few months, but he will begin to understand.

From eight months, milk supplements are introduced - kefir, and then cottage cheese.

How to develop a child: You can start playing with “more mature” toys. But how to play with a new toy, you need to show him, teach him, introduce him to it.

1. Learning to roll a ball. Roll the ball on the floor, push, catch up and push again. Explain to your child what you are doing: “Look how the ball rolled! Let's catch up with him? Look - he's running away! The baby will certainly help you and repeat.

2. We play with cubes. Show that the cubes can be transferred from hand to hand, taken out of the box and put into it. Next time show that you can stack a cube on a cube. It’s also worth playing with cup toys to show how smaller ones can be put into larger ones.

3. We study the pyramid. To begin with, it is better to choose with large rings. Roll the pyramid on the floor, show how it comes apart, and let them play with the rings. Then show how the rings are put on, asking, “Give me the ring.” Finally, ask your child to put on the last two. At the same time, hold the rod in your hands and help the baby. Each game can be assembled and disassembled in different ways.

4. Games with dolls(bears, bunnies) are also important - both for girls and boys. Introduce your child to the toy: “Look, what a bear! Where is the bear? After feeling and licking, he will most likely lose interest in it, then you need to show what else the doll can do. For example: “Look, the bear is leaving!”, “Look, the bear is hiding. Where is the bear?”, “The bear is dancing!”. Next time you can feed the doll, put it to bed, and pet it. Imagine!

5. For the development of the vestibular apparatus you can do exercises. The child lies on his back on the sofa or bed, you take him by the wrists, dad - by the ankles. Raise it a little and swing it in different directions. Exercise option: you grab one wrist and ankle, baby's dad grabs the other wrist and ankle. You can also start throwing the child into the air and catching it, but for now slowly and very low.

The child has several basic reflexes: “plantar”: If you run your finger along the foot, the child will withdraw the foot; “sucking”: If you run your finger over the baby’s lips, he will immediately fold his lips into a tube and begin to make sucking movements; “grasping”: If you put your finger in a child’s hand, he will squeeze it tightly.

  • The child holds a stationary object in his field of vision. Can focus his gaze on it.
  • Fixes his gaze on the human face bent over him;
  • Lying on his tummy, he tries to raise and hold his head.
  • Reacts to the ringing of a bell or rattle, for example, by shuddering, starting to cry, listening;
  • By the end of 1 month, “speech” joins facial expressions. Kids who are talked to a lot walk in response.
  • Startles suddenly (called the Moro reflex) when hearing a loud sound
  • The fists are clenched tightly. If you open your fingers, the child may grab the rattle, but immediately throw it away
  • Can keep head in line with spine when sitting

Baby development in the second month

  • The baby may smile in response to your smile;
  • Follow the object with your gaze (right in front of it);
  • Make sounds (coo).
  • Lying on your stomach, raise your head 45°;
  • When sitting, keeps his head straight, although hesitantly
  • Turns its head towards the source of sound, searches for it with its eyes;
  • The baby follows the adult walking away from the crib and meets him, looking for the source of the sound if the adult approaches and talks.
  • Demonstrates a “revival complex” in response to communication;
  • Can be soothed by sucking
  • Calms down when held or when he hears or sees a person
  • The fingers are almost always clenched into a fist, and when one “accidentally” bends and falls into the baby’s mouth, the baby sucks it with concentration

Baby development in the third month

  • Laughs out loud;
  • He is capricious and whining, screaming in protest;
  • Booms in response to sounds
  • Reacts to the presence of parents: tries to attract attention.
  • Gets hands on toys hanging over the crib;
  • Grabs the toy and pulls it into the mouth;
  • On your stomach, can pull yourself up on your elbows and keep your shoulders and head raised for 10 seconds. Rolls over from back to side;
  • Rests feet on a hard surface with support under the arms
  • Not only raises his head, but also turns it in all directions
  • Finds the source of sound and light
  • Handles are already fully unfolding their fists
  • The child discovers first the existence of arms and then legs
  • Reflexes disappear as actions become more voluntary
  • Pulls up his body when picked up
  • Examines his face, eyes, mouth with his hands.

Baby development in the fourth month

  • Recognizes mother and prefers her to everyone else;
  • Smiles in response to your smile, begins to babble
  • Pronounces the first syllables;
  • Grabs a hanging toy with one or two hands at the same time and drags it into the mouth
  • Can hold, shake and move toys at will
  • Raises shoulders and head while lying on back;
  • Lying on his stomach, raises his head 90°;
  • Selects “favorite” and “unfavorite” toys;
  • When feeding, he plays with the breast or bottle and supports it.
  • At this age, a child may already experience fear, disappointment, curiosity and joy.
  • Laughs loudly
  • Squeals with delight
  • Holds head firmly in an upright position, turns head in all directions when sitting or lying down
  • Turns over (in one or both directions);
  • Can perform swimming movements and move around in the crib
  • Interested in his reflection in the mirror, smiles at him
  • Laughs when tickled
  • Quiets when he hears music

Baby development in the fifth month

  • When sitting, he holds his head well and keeps it straight
    Tumbling, swinging and bending
    Pulls himself up with his arms, trying to sit up
    Sucking toes
    Grabs, holds, feels, pulls, throws objects
    Plays with a rattle placed in his hand
    Can hold a bottle with one or two hands
    Enjoys looking at faces in pictures
    Plays peek-a-boo and babbles to the rhythm of nursery rhymes
    Protests and resists an adult who is trying to take a toy away from him
    Distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar people
    Likes to play while eating
    Pronounces vowels and some consonants (d, b, l, m)
    Looking around in an unfamiliar environment
    Bends over to look at a fallen object

Baby development in the sixth month

  • Tries to crawl on his stomach
    Rotates and tilts in any direction
    Rolling from back to side
    Can manipulate objects and hold a mug by the handle
    Crawls to a toy lying at a distance of 10-20 cm from an outstretched arm;
    Can sit independently with support for short periods of time
    Develops certain taste preferences
    Likes to play with food
    Transfers objects from one container to another
    Cackles or stops crying when he hears music
    Listens carefully to speech
    Answers to his name
    Makes a wide variety of sounds
    His mood and emotions may change dramatically
    Study subjects for a long time and carefully
    Looks for the objects you are talking about
    Learned to pronounce new consonants (f, v, s, z, m, n)
    Can compare two objects

Baby development in the seventh month

  • The child becomes more mobile.
    The ability to sit is improved.
    Your baby is already sitting with a straight back, sometimes resting his hands.
    Rocks back and forth while on all fours
    The habit of crawling appears or improves at this age; some crawl backwards.
    Grasping becomes more coordinated, with the participation of the palms and, partially, the fingers.
    Having grabbed the thing, the baby studies it for a long time with his hands, feet, and mouth.
    Holds an object in each hand and likes to hit them together
    Likes to explore her body with her hands and mouth
    Stroking his reflection in the mirror
    Begins to understand what “no” is by the tone of your voice
    The baby continues to experiment, pronounce or sing the syllables and sounds “da”, “pa”, “ma”, “ta”, “ba”.

Baby development in the eighth month

  • The baby shows increased interest in everything
    Baby crawling
    He likes to play while sitting, but sometimes he falls over on his side
    Can play with objects for a long time
    Attached to parents, wary of strangers
    If someone stranger wants to take the child in his arms, the baby’s reaction will be immediate - he will be upset and cry
    Consciously says “mom” and “dad”
    Crawling with a toy in hand
    Stands at the support
    May not be able to hold on if he stands leaning on something
    Claps hands and waves arms
    Strokes and kisses his reflection in the mirror
    Tastes everything

Baby development in the ninth month

Child development in the tenth month

Baby development in the eleventh month

The child can:

Child development in the twelfth month

No matter how fast your baby develops, he will learn a lot in the first year of life, he will never learn at this speed again. Enjoy this time and don't forget to tell your child that you are happy with his progress. Having decided for yourself that everything is in order with the pace of its development, you can calm down. Do not compare your child to other children (your own or anyone else's) or to the developmental standards shown in the charts. A child can only be compared with himself, as he was a week or a month ago.

In the first week of life, a newborn loses up to 8% of his birth weight, then his weight begins to increase. Around the 7th day, the umbilical cord remnant falls off. Until the 3rd week, the baby perceives only loud sounds, since the ears are covered with fetal fluid. By the end of the month, his skin gradually brightens and acquires a natural color. The baby's muscles are in what pediatricians call physiological tone, so the arms and legs are always bent, and the palms are clenched into fists. The child can see objects at a distance of up to 30 cm and turns his head towards the light. During this period, colic and regurgitation most often occur. The baby needs to be placed on his tummy, while he raises his head and holds it for a few seconds. In the first month of life, weekly visits to the baby by a pediatrician are mandatory. To communicate to parents about their needs, the baby cries and calms down when he is held. Eats 80-120 ml at a time breast milk or its substitute - a mixture. Feeding frequency is approximately every 2 hours. The average weight gain is 1 kg, height gain is 2 cm.

  • 2 month

The baby is already making distinct sounds, purring and cooing. The tone of his voice changes. When he sees his parents, he smiles, begins to distinguish voices, and listens to conversations. During this period, he smiles for the first time, albeit unconsciously. In order for the baby to hold his head confidently, you need to lay him on his tummy more often. This same exercise will strengthen your abdominal muscles and help get rid of colic. Holds a rattle in his hand, shakes it, carefully watches the toys. He turns on his side and sleeps on it. Lying on his back, straightens his arms and legs. Pulls hands into mouth, salivating profusely. When crying, tears appear. It's time to develop visual skills by attaching a mobile to the crib. Daily walks are very important for a child's health. fresh air, and you should also pay attention to developing a sleep and wakefulness routine. During the second month of life, the child gains about 800 g and stretches a couple of centimeters.

  • 3 month

The baby is already able to sense the surrounding environment and sees more and more objects. He likes to be carried in a column so he can see more of his surroundings. Studying palms and fingers. Turns his head in different directions in search of the source of sound, clearly distinguishes the faces of those around him. Begins to distinguish odors. From this month, parents need to monitor their baby more closely, because he begins to roll over from his back to his tummy. Another achievement is that he already confidently holds his head while in an upright position on his arms or lying on his stomach. Now the baby will love the bright developmental mat that rocks the center. If you put a multi-colored toy in front of him, he will try to reach out and grab it on his own. Puts rattles in his mouth. The average weight gain is 800 g, height gain is 2 cm.

  • 4 month

The period of colic gradually passes, now the baby can sleep a little longer and wake up for feedings less often. Lying on his tummy, he tries to get up, leaning on his arms. He recognizes his mother among other people, smiles at her, and talks to her. Listens to music. Of particular interest is his reflection in the mirror. Can focus longer on objects or some process. Rolls over from back to side and onto stomach. Tries to roll over onto his back. Reaches for toys, takes a toy with both hands. Pushes off with legs and arms from the support. Lying on his back, he raises his head and presses his chin to his chest. If you pull him by the arms, he tries to sit down. He takes a toy and shakes it with one hand, reacting joyfully to the music that he likes. Actively tries to participate in the conversation, babbles individual syllables with varying strength. Weight gain – 700-800 g, height – 1-2 cm.

  • 5 month

The baby can easily roll over onto his side, from his stomach to his back and vice versa. Lying on his back, he raises his head to see more. He rests his feet on the bed and tries to stand on the “bridge.” Lying on his stomach, he stretches out his arms and legs straight, holding a toy with one hand. More and more surrounding objects arouse the baby’s interest, especially colored ones. Transfers toys from one hand to another. Watches a toy fall to the floor. Now he not only takes them in his hands and throws them, but also tries to pull them into his mouth. This may indicate that teeth will appear soon. The baby cries significantly less often, smiles and laughs more; he is interesting and funny. The appearance of a stranger can cause negative reaction and even crying. Shifts his gaze from one present interlocutor to another. On average, a child gains 700 g and 1-2 cm in weight per month.

  • 6 month

The baby has learned to sit confidently without support, although he is not yet sitting down himself. Some children still make attempts to sit up on their own. Lying on his tummy, he leans on his outstretched arms and lifts himself up. With support, he leans on his legs and tries to stand. He tries to get up on all fours. Reaches distant objects. Selects the toy he likes from several offered to choose from. Examines hands and fingers. At this time it is time to introduce the first complementary foods. Most often it starts with steamed vegetables. The quality of stool changes, breastfeeding becomes less and less frequent. Are being produced taste preferences. Drinks from a sippy cup. Turns around when his name is called. Begins to pronounce the syllables “ma”, “ba”, “da”. During the day he sleeps 2-3 times. During this period, teeth begin to erupt. This may be accompanied by pain, fever, increased salivation, and anxiety. Weight gain – 650 g, height – 1-2 cm.

  • 7 month

The baby likes to spend most of his time lying on his tummy. Begins to crawl, independently assumes a sitting position and maintains balance. Some children at this age already sit down confidently. The baby reaches out to his mother and asks to be picked up. He turns to those around him, calls them. The child no longer falls asleep after eating; he spends more time playing. Sits with a straight back, while feeding, spins in different directions, tries to evade. He babbles a lot and tries to imitate the sounds made by adults. He takes a rattle and knocks it on the surface. Holds a bottle. You can invite him to drink from a cup and try to hold a spoon. At this time, the two lower teeth erupt. This may cause discomfort when breastfeeding. He no longer gains weight as quickly because the nature of his food has changed and he begins to move more. Weight gain – 600 g, height – 1-2 cm.

  • 8 month

The baby improves his ability to sit down and turn around. Lying on his tummy, he turns his head freely. He is interested in all surrounding objects, he easily overcomes obstacles. He babbles a lot of new syllables, tries to ask for certain objects. Pushes the ball away with his hands. Captures small items using two fingers. He likes to throw toys on the floor for you to pick them up. The child tries to stand up against a support and stand for several minutes, holding onto the handrails of the crib. Dancing, repeating the laughter of adults. Doesn't like to be left alone, worries when mom leaves. Now it is important for the baby to talk to him and voice his actions. He already understands the prohibitions. Drinks from an “adult” cup. With noticeable pleasure he eats porridge, meat, liver, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and cookies. During this month, the baby gained 500-600 g in weight and grew by 2 cm.

  • 9 month

The baby can already play for some time on his own, putting toys in a pile. Sitting on the floor, he turns his body to the sides. He tries to climb onto a chair or sofa, stands against a wall for several minutes or holds on to furniture. His position is still unstable and he funny falls on his butt. If you hold him by the arms, the baby will walk for several minutes. He also stomps confidently at the support. Pulls out the bottom drawers of the furniture and takes out all the items from them. Knocks object on object. He crawls very quickly, moves quickly in a walker, and dances. The baby now has favorite toys that he takes with him everywhere. Starts playing with cubes and sorters. His voice has a clearer emotional coloring and different intonations. Pulls food into mouth independently. The baby gains 500 g per month and grows by 1-1.5 cm.

  • 10 month

The child leans on his arms in sitting position, crawls on his tummy. Moves small objects from place to place. Tries to stand without the support of his hands. Some babies take their first steps at this stage of life. Reacts to prohibitions, expresses resentment. He is surprised to hear unfamiliar sounds. Tries to copy the facial expressions and facial expressions of adults. Tries to pronounce the words “mom”, “give” and others. Shows love for parents, hugs, tries to kiss. The baby tries to attract the attention of adults, which makes him incredibly happy. He is clearly aware of the mood of adults, recognizes their joy or disapproval. Therefore, it is important to react correctly to his actions so that the baby understands what is good and what is bad. Chews food independently. Weight gain is 450 g, height increases by 1.5 cm.

  • 11 month

The baby is already confidently stomping, holding on to his mother’s hand and against the support. Can take several steps independently. Dances to the beat of the music. Can pinch and bite. Performs movements as requested, throws the ball in the indicated direction. The child explores the apartment, finds new unfamiliar objects, and knocks them against other objects with particular force. Therefore, parents should take care of the baby’s safety in the room and remove dangerous things from reach. Plays okay, peek-a-boo. He waves his hand when saying goodbye, shows “give” and “well, well” with gestures. Repeats some words with the appropriate intonation: “mom”, “baba”, “dad”, “give”. Shows where the toy's eyes are. He understands individual, frequently repeated phrases. Eats cookies, apple, bread. After the 11th month, the child gains 400 g in weight and 1-1.5 cm in height.

  • 12 month

After 12 months, the baby already knows and understands a lot: he walks independently, builds pyramids from cubes, babbles a lot, repeats individual syllables or even words after adults. He knows his name and its abbreviated form, and reacts to it with joy. In most cases, at this age, the baby not only crawls very quickly, but also walks quite confidently. Takes items out of the box and remembers their location. The child asks to eat and imitates this with appropriate sounds. He claps his hands and asks to be held. Shows with a pen which direction he wants to go. Laughs at the sight of animals. Repeats the sounds of some animals and cars. Looks at pictures in books. He is happy when he is praised. He sleeps once during the day. Drinks and eats independently. Gradually he switches to adult food, pulls from his mother’s plate. By the end of the first year, the child should triple the weight with which he was born, and in the last month gain 300 g and grow another 1 cm.

Child development by months to one year interests many parents who are worried about their baby. In the first year of life, a child learns many actions and manipulations, such as sitting or standing, crawling, holding or grasping, smiling, playing, etc. During this year, the baby will have to overcome a lot of achievements and make a huge leap in his own development. After all, the baby turns from a previously absolutely helpless baby into a little one who can sit independently, move around, and express his own “wants” and other needs.

Norms for the development of a child up to one year old by month exist to determine the adequacy of the baby’s development. If a baby is raised in a “normal” social unit, in which two parents provide him with care, proper care and a prosperous existence, then a healthy toddler will develop evenly from month to year in all areas.

Thus, the physical development of a child up to one year by month implies an increase in body weight and its fast growth. In the cognitive sphere of the child’s development, the emergence of the ability to remember and rapid learning will be observed from month to year. IN social development The child reacts to the surrounding reality, which is manifested by distinguishing the faces of loved ones and interest in various objects. In the motor sphere of a child’s development, the strength appears from month to year to first hold the head independently, and then sit and take the first steps.

Child development calendar by months up to a year

Most mothers are concerned about the correct development of the child from month to year. They are especially concerned about questions related to what should happen in a child’s development month by month up to 1 year in a specific age period, and what should not. The adequacy of a child’s formation can be assessed only if there is something to start from.

For this purpose, it is necessary to study the physical development of a child up to one year old month by month, so that the mother can help the baby develop in the right direction by working with him. Parents need to understand what activities need to be done with their child. Most doctors and teachers are confident that a significant role in child development The child is played not by the parents at all, but by the baby himself.

The development of a child from month to year to one year is regulated by the baby himself through the natural mechanisms embedded in him that guide him to understand the world. Parental intervention is necessary solely to create conditions that contribute to the adequate formation and will not allow the child’s internal motivations for knowledge to wither. In addition, parental intervention should be appropriate and timely. At the same time, it involves the implementation of three key tasks. The first of which is to study the signs that appear in a certain period, the second is to monitor the baby, the third is to create conditions conducive to development.

The child development calendar by month to year was developed specifically to solve the above problems.

In the first thirty days of existence, the baby has ten reflexes, namely sucking, grasping, searching, Babkin, Mohr and Babinsky reflexes, support reflex, swimming reflex, Bauer crawling reflex, walking. The sucking reflex manifests itself in the reproduction of sucking movements by the baby when his lips are irritated with a finger or pacifier. When you insert a tiny finger into the handle, it immediately closes it. Thus, the grasping reflex is manifested.

The search reflex is manifested in the baby turning his head when touching or stroking his cheek. When pressing on the mound thumb baby, he opens his mouth and tilts his head. This is how the Babkin reflex manifests itself. Mohr's reflex manifests itself in the sharp separation of the arms or legs of a baby or in their bringing together at a loud sound. The Babinski reflex is expressed when running a finger or other object along the outer part of a child’s foot from the heel area to the little toe. The response to this action will be spreading the fingers. Along with this, the baby’s leg will bend at the ankle, knee and hip. If you place a newborn on a hard, smooth plane, holding him in the armpit area, he will rest his entire foot on this plane, straightening his leg. Thus, the support reflex appears. While lying on the tummy, the baby will perform movements reminiscent of swimming - the swimming reflex. The Bauer crawling reflex manifests itself when creating support for the feet when the baby is in a position on his stomach. During such actions, the baby will perform movements reminiscent of crawling. If the baby is supported under the arms in such a way that he touches the plane of the floor, then he will imitate steps - this is a walking reflex.

In fact, approximately seventy percent of a child's first thirty days of life is spent sleeping. In the first month, the baby is still poorly able to focus his gaze on faces bent over him. However, by the beginning of the third decade, the baby, lying on his stomach, tries to raise and hold his head, and can fix his gaze on an immovable object. The child reacts to the ringing of bells or the sounds of a rattle, and may flinch from loud sounds.

The absence of one or more reflexes may indicate developmental disorders, so you need to study various sources that will describe the development of a child by month up to 1 year. Such actions will help identify deviations and provide an opportunity to respond to any disorders in child behavior as early as possible.

Most researchers are convinced that in the first three decades of a newborn’s life, the foundation is laid on which trust in the world is built, depending on the primary psychological and emotional connection with the mother. After all, everything a baby needs (protection, food, care, etc.) he receives from his mother. It is thanks to the mother's closeness, care and support that the newborn learns to adapt to the surrounding reality.

A two-month-old baby is calmly awake, looking at the toys hanging in front of him, can follow a moving object with his pupils, listens to the sound of an object or the sound of a voice, and addresses it with a smile.

At this stage, the child learns to exist according to rhythms. The baby develops a daily routine of life - he sleeps mainly at night, and is awake during the day. The baby already recognizes the mother’s touch, her voice, and there is an emotional response to communication with him. He learns to control his own body. While awake, babies almost constantly move their arms and legs in different directions, as they are not yet able to control them. If you lay your baby on his side, he will be able to roll over onto his back on his own. By the end of the third decade of the second month, the baby can already bring its hands closer to its mouth and suck its thumb. And when the child sees a colorful toy, he begins to reach for it, trying to grab it. He feels objects that fall into the baby’s hands and relentlessly pulls them into his mouth. The baby can already watch his parents move away from the crib; he also rejoices at his mother and smiles at her, waving his limbs.

The third month is marked by the baby holding his head steadily, lying on his tummy, leaning on his forearms, or while in the arms of his parents in an upright position. Also, being in the arms of a parent who is talking to him, the baby fixes his own gaze on his face, listening to the voice. The response to a parent’s conversation with him is a manifestation of joy: a smile, various sounds, animated movements of the limbs (revival complex). When supported under the arms, the infant can rest his legs flexed at the hip firmly against a solid surface.

The third month is characterized by the emergence of a revival complex not only at the sight of the parent, but also at the sound of his voice, after feeding, bathing, in other words, at moments when the baby feels comfort or pleasure. At this stage, in response to speech addressed to the baby, he will “boom” - make quiet vowel sounds.

The fourth month is characterized by the baby’s ability to find an invisible object by sound (he turns his head towards the sound source). While awake, the baby makes loud noises, often smiles and moves a lot, laughs loudly when flirting with him, looks at the rattles hanging above him, feels and grabs, and when feeding, holds his mother’s breast or a bottle of food with his hands. At this stage, the baby is exploring the world around him. He stays for a long time good mood, quite loudly and for a long time. A baby at four months wants to sit, because he is already tired of lying down, and he also begins to be keenly interested in the world from a vertical position. Therefore, at this age interval the baby will make his first attempts to sit up. Holding the baby by the arms or supporting him under the armpits, the baby will stand, stepping with his legs. While on the stomach, the baby can rise with straightened arms. At this stage, he acquires the ability to examine objects at close range, begins to distinguish individual colors and configurations, as well as the voices of relatives.

At the fifth month, the child already reacts differently to his immediate environment and to strangers, that is, he already singles out those close to him. He also distinguishes the tone of voice addressed to him. Can lie on the tummy for a long time, raising the body and resting on straightened arms. When supported under the arms, stands firmly on the legs. The baby also learns to pronounce the first syllables, consisting of vowels and labial consonants. The fifth month is marked by a transition to a vertical (standing) position. The baby's body strives to adapt to an upright position. This stage can be described as exploratory. The child begins to be interested in various objects and things, he strives to learn how to handle them. Such exploratory activities involve vision, smell, taste and touch.

The development of a child in the fifth month is characterized by the beginning of finger training and the development of the first grasping movements. At this age, the baby has already learned to intercept an object from the parent’s hand. By capturing, pushing or attracting rattles or other objects, the baby learns to determine their shape, sound, color, weight.

A six-month-old baby can already clearly pronounce syllables, freely take a rattle from various positions, play with it for a long time, roll over from tummy to back without difficulty, eat well from a spoon, capturing food with his lips. A six-month-old child can already stand and sit steadily, maintaining balance and not falling to the side. He independently tries to sit up from a lying position. At the age of six months, the baby makes the first attempts to crawl, moving on all fours, resting on the palms of his hands. Often at this age the first tooth begins to emerge, which can affect the baby's behavior.

In the seventh month of development, the child is able to babble for a long time while repeatedly pronouncing the same syllables. If you ask a baby where there is an object that is well known to him and repeatedly named (for example, a watch), then he will look for it and find it in a specific place. When playing with a toy, the baby will knock and swing it. A seven-month-old baby crawls masterfully (quickly, in various directions) and for a long time. His driving force is curiosity. Therefore, knowing the physical development of a child up to one year old by month, parents can take care of the safety of the baby in advance. There are also children who bypass the crawling stage and begin to walk immediately. Seven-month-old babies spin around quite a lot and can independently roll over in any direction, so they should not be left unattended on a plane located at a height and not limited by sides. Another new development of this period is the baby’s ability to independently take objects from different positions. The baby's hands become more skillful in the seventh month. At this age, he learns to move toys from hand to hand, to pull, tap, and throw away.

At the eight-month stage of development, the child loudly pronounces various syllables, manipulates toys for a long time, examines them, and taps them against each other. At the request of the parent, performs previously learned movements, for example: “pallets”, etc. Lies down independently from a sitting position or sits down, with the help of his hands, for example, holding the railings of the crib with them, stands up and lowers himself, steps with his feet, drinks from a cup held by an adult . During this time period, the baby plays with a pyramid. He also knows how to perform “direct” and “return” actions with objects. For example, putting balls in a box and pouring them out. The humming will be replaced by clear babbling. The baby already recognizes objects from different distances and from different angles of view, recognizing them by external signs, such as size, configuration, color. By the end of the third decade, the baby develops a strong emotional attachment towards the mother. He is ready to spend every moment of his existence with her.

At the nine-month stage of development, the child begins to imitate his parents, reproducing after them the syllables previously pronounced by him. When asked “where,” the baby finds several objects known to him. He knows given name, if his name is called, he turns around. Manipulations with objects become more conscious. The child can already perform actions with it in accordance with their properties. For example, he will roll a ball. The nine-month-old baby is getting stronger. His body is prepared to move on its own legs, the musculoskeletal skeleton has become stronger, the cardiovascular system and digestive tract have also adapted to the force of gravity acting along the axis of the body. Therefore, this stage is marked by the first attempts to take independent steps. Some children, at the age of nine months, begin to master walking skills with increased zeal, while for others, intensive mastery of walking occurs later. Walking in nine-month-old infants is characterized by hesitation, frequent falls, and persistent attempts to walk. In the process of its own movements, the baby leans against the wall, furniture, and parental hands. If there is no support nearby, it will move crawling.

At the ten-month stage of development, the child continues to imitate his parents, reproducing syllables and various sounds after them. Children have a response to various advances known to him, for example, when saying “ku-ku” he covers his face with material. Upon request, the parent can find and give a familiar object. When playing independently, he can perform previously learned manipulations with objects, prompted by their qualities, for example, opening and closing. Holding onto the railing, the baby can climb up 3-4 steps. At this stage, the baby is ready to communicate, watching adults, he imitates them. He is interested in how parents use certain objects. As a result, the baby begins to almost mirror the adult environment and reflect everyday situations and actions. The baby’s imitative tendency contributes to the emergence of the ability to drink from a cup, use a spoon, etc. The tenth month is marked by the development of motor skills. The baby can independently assemble toys, pick up objects with two fingers, separate or connect individual parts of the toy, etc. In addition, the baby already understands speech addressed to him, and is also able to pronounce individual words (mom, woman or dad). The baby fulfills simple requests from his parents, understands prohibitive words well, and understands the names of many objects or body parts. His active vocabulary has increased significantly.

The eleventh month is marked by the use of the first designation words, for example, give or kitty-kis. At the suggestion of an adult, he finds the necessary item or object, performs previously learned manipulations with story toys (show the kitten’s eyes, rock the doll). At this stage, the baby strives for independence. He tries to help with dressing, strives to eat on his own without the help of his mother. The baby is characterized by increasing activity and improving walking skills. Can sit down if there is a need to pick up a toy from the floor, and then stand up. He learns to play with toys that resemble a living creature, such as a doll or a stuffed dog. Such a toy for a child becomes a second “I” for him. Game manipulations convey not only the baby’s actions, but also reflect his emotional state. An eleven-month-old baby can already recognize a familiar object in a drawing.

At the twelfth month, the child already speaks ten words and increases his stock of understandable words. Walks without assistance or support, sits down, stands up, drinks from a cup, holding it independently. The most important area of ​​baby development during this period is speech. Now he immediately repeats the simplest designation words after an adult. He can already consciously pronounce words, and sometimes simple phrases, for example, “Dad, go.” The number of understandable words is 6 times more than an infant can use in active speech. The baby responds to requests from parents or other adults around him, understands requests addressed to him, such as find, give, bring, etc. He knows and understands the word “impossible.” He learns to generalize objects, remembering their names, and recognizes familiar toys in the picture. A one-year-old baby navigates among toys, identifying some of them by shape. For example, he selects balls from among the cubes. If the baby needs a certain object, then he points to it. A twelve-month-old baby can remember the names of relatives and animal names.

In addition to the above information, parents should also study dental development by month. Children under one year of age may become more capricious and restless, they pull all objects into their mouth, relieving the itching, and they lose their appetite.

Development of a premature baby by month to year

Due to the poor health of the pregnant woman, due to various illnesses or the woman leading an overly active lifestyle, the baby may be born earlier due date. The state of health of the newborn at the time of birth determines what the developmental delay of the premature baby will be by months to one year.

In addition, the following factors have a huge influence on the development of a premature baby from month to year: the social status of the social unit, the moral state of the parents and other close associates, the quality of care, nutrition, etc.

In the first three decades of life, the development of a premature baby is characterized by inactivity, weak muscle tone, and lack of activity.

In the second month of existence, the baby is also characterized by weakness and increased fatigue. Therefore, mothers need to provide their baby with the maximum nutrition and proper care. At this stage, there is a fairly rapid increase in weight and height, which may exceed the norms accepted for full-term babies. The baby's physical achievement this month is the ability to lift his head.

The third month marks normalization and entry into the active stage of the weight gain process. In comparison with the body weight that the baby had after birth, it doubles. At this stage, you can note that the baby has reactions to sounds and light. However, his main pastime remains sleep.

In the fourth month, progress in the development of the newborn becomes noticeable. The baby can lift and hold his head independently for a short time, focus his gaze on contrasting objects, and make sounds reminiscent of humming. Muscle tone also begins to increase, as a result of which problems may arise with putting the baby to sleep, since he may often wake up.

In the fifth month, the baby's first smile appears. Slightly increased muscle tone of the limbs can give the toddler’s movements a slightly convulsive nature. The baby can already hold a small toy in his hand. This period is marked by increased psychological development. The baby can easily determine the location of the sound source and turn his head towards it.

A six-month-old baby begins to rapidly catch up with its peers in development. He constantly makes different sounds and babbles, laughs, and manipulates toys. Rests the legs when supported under the arms on a solid plane.

At the age of seven months, the baby can already easily roll over onto his stomach from his back and take objects in his hands. At the level of full-term babies there is a variety of pronounced sounds.

An eight-month-old baby already controls his own body quite well, rolls over, tries to sit up and even crawl, and can look for a named object.

At nine months of age, the baby tries to rise to his feet and then sit back down in the playpen or crib. During periods of wakefulness, the baby can already independently manipulate objects and fulfill simple requests. The baby tries to pronounce short words or their first syllables, and can also reproduce the speech of relatives intonationally.

A ten-month-old baby is already standing steadily and can even move along the fence, holding onto it with his hands, being able to keep his gaze on a moving object for a long period of time. The child listens with interest to the surrounding sounds.

An eleven-month-old baby can already take the first independent steps; he sits down and stands up at will, and quickly crawls. With interest he masters the pyramid, cubes and other toys for the development of logic. At the request of the parent, he can bring the specified item.

A one-year-old baby practically does not lag behind the development of full-term toddlers. However, some sharpness and uncoordinated movements may persist for a short time.

Dental development by month. Children under one year of age with prematurity are characterized by a delay in teething of approximately a month. However, in more serious cases (severe prematurity), the first tooth may erupt at twelve months.

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