Introduction

On a note. In the Russian Federation, as in many countries, there is a mixed pension system. In another way it is called distribution-storage. Citizens (or the companies in which they work) make part of the contributions to the country's state pension fund. This is the so-called base part. Subsequently, these funds will be accrued according to state program pension provision. At the expense of the other part of the money, their individual savings part is formed.

The size of benefits and the number of citizens who receive social payments largely depend on the economic capabilities of the state and are determined by a number of factors: tax policy, inflation rate, demographic and other indicators.

Let's consider how the Russian pension system is structured, types of material support, how the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and non-state funds work. We will try to answer the question of how to increase the amount of future benefits for those who are officially employed today. Let's briefly talk about raising the age for men and women, as well as in what direction it will go pension reform further.

How the Russian pension system works

So, on what basis and to whom are financial benefits paid in modern Russia? Are there any differences in the work of state and non-state pension funds?

To answer these questions, we will determine what types of pensions are available today and what goals and responsibilities the Pension Fund of Russia and Non-State Pension Funds have.

There are four main types of cash benefits in Russia:

1. Insurance pension. Paid to a citizen who is declared to have lost legal capacity. There are three types: old age, disability and loss of a breadwinner. In the first case, benefits are received by citizens who have reached a certain age (as recent events have shown, this figure may change). Disability pension is awarded to citizens with groups I, II and III. For the loss of a breadwinner - to those families who have lost their breadwinner. Labor pension (old age), which is paid after a citizen reaches a certain age, is formed from contributions from employers;
2. Funded pension. Its funds are stored in individual accounts of citizens. Through various private companies or Vnesheconombank (a state company), it is formed by the Pension Fund of Russia. NPFs invest the client’s funds in securities and transfer one part of the profits to themselves and the other to the citizen who pays the contributions. Interaction with non-state funds has its pros and cons. The positive point is that the citizen will be able to accumulate more points, but the negative point is that there is no guarantee that the NPF will still work when the citizen retires;

   Important! If a citizen has not written an application to transfer the funded part to a non-state fund, by default it will be managed by the state (until the corresponding application is submitted).

3. Voluntary pension. Otherwise called corporate. An additional part of the benefit is formed through voluntary contributions from the company in which the citizen works. Funds are accumulated by non-state foundations;
4. State pension. This type includes benefits that are received by former military or civilian employees. One of the options for such a pension could be financial support for those who have lost their legal capacity while performing military or other official duty.

To answer the question of whether there is a difference in the work of the Pension Fund and the Non-State Pension Fund, let’s consider the goals and responsibilities that they face. In general, both public and private systems solve the problem of paying funds to those citizens who are legally entitled to social benefits. The differences concern mainly

The State Fund ensures the accrual of the basic part of social payments. These include the following types of pensions:

• by work. Accrued to citizens who have a certain length of service. The amount of payments depends on the level of wages during the entire working period. One of the varieties of such social payments is a long-service pension, which is assigned to citizens who have performed public service, including employees of internal affairs bodies, the Armed Forces, etc. It can be assigned long before the age when the old-age pension begins to be paid;
• according to the age. One of the options for social payments, when a monthly allowance is accrued to a citizen upon reaching a certain age. After the pension reform of 2019, men have the right to an old-age pension from the age of 65, women from the age of 63 (instead of the previous 60 and 55, respectively).

For reference. In March 2019, the State Duma adopted a law that provides that when calculating the total amount of payments, the amount of indexation of pensions will not be taken into account. In order for the benefit to be higher than the subsistence level, this part will be paid separately. Its value depends on the level of PM in each subject of the Russian Federation. The cost of living is calculated at the local level in accordance with the economic situation of the region.

• on disability. Assigned to partially capable and incapacitated citizens. Its size depends on the disability group. Largest size assigned to those who are completely dependent on third parties and cannot independently, without outside care, control themselves and move around. A smaller amount is allocated to disabled people of the second group, who can work using various auxiliary tools. Finally, those who have a serious disability, but it does not prevent them from working without heavy loads, will receive the smallest payments. In this case, we are talking about the ratio of payments in a particular region, since in one subject of the Federation the size of the disability pension can differ significantly.
• social. Regular cash payments, which are assigned by the state and do not depend on length of service. Even if a citizen did not work officially and did not pay the required contributions, he will be entitled to minimum social security. True, the pension in this case will be relatively small.

The State Pension Fund of Russia monitors that taxpayers pay the required contributions on time and in the required amount, and directs funds to those who are entitled to social benefits. All persons involved in the pension system are entered into the database. Records are kept of funds received and paid out to the fund. The work of the Pension Fund is regulated by Federal Law No. 166 - on state pension provision in the Russian Federation. Based on current legislation, the Pension Fund is obliged to solve the following current tasks:

• collect insurance premiums;
• finance payments of state pensions in the Russian Federation;
• collect from employers and those who caused disability of citizens the necessary amounts for the further payment of state pensions;
• capitalize the collected funds and attract individuals and legal entities for this on a voluntary basis;
• provide citizens with the necessary information about state pension provision;
• control the receipt of insurance premiums and the correct expenditure of funds;
• organize and maintain personal records of insured persons in various categories;
• make proposals for improvement to legislative bodies pension system.

Also, a number of tasks concern international and interstate cooperation, conducting research in the field of pensions and insurance.

The activities of non-state pension funds, like the Pension Fund of Russia, are regulated by Federal Law No. 166.

Important! By law, citizens have the right to transfer their pension savings to a non-state pension fund. Another option is to leave all funds in the Pension Fund. But there are options here too. Thus, the Pension Fund works with authorized management companies that can offer the client various investment strategies in order to increase the amount of future payments.

Today, citizens can accumulate part of the funds for future social benefits in various non-state pension funds. For this purpose, a special agreement is concluded, after which the employer begins to send contributions to the non-state pension fund. Each NFP must successfully solve the following tasks:

• increase the amount of pension payments to citizens through the formation of additional savings;
• create the necessary conditions so that citizens' contributions are received and used in full;
• create such conditions so that clients’ savings grow steadily, so that in the end the level of payments is the highest possible.

If this does not happen, the client can choose another organization. You can familiarize yourself with the offers of various non-state pension funds on our financial portal.

Minimum pension for men and women in 2019

So, let's consider what amount of social benefits Russian citizens can count on upon reaching the legal age.

A minimum pension can be considered, which consists of only one basic part and has no additional payments. Moreover, if the level of social payments is below the subsistence level, then citizens may be assigned a regional or federal supplement, which is indexed every year on January 1. But only non-working pensioners can count on such additional payments.

For your information. On February 20, 2019, Russian President V. Putin ordered a revision of the methodology for calculating pensions so that the smallest payments would be no less than the subsistence level for each region. Recalculations were made before, but taking into account inflation, the increases were insignificant. The pension was usually indexed to the subsistence level. Now social payments will be indexed even when they exceed the regional subsistence minimum level.

Thus, both men and women entitled to pensions will receive monthly funds in an amount exceeding the subsistence level in the region of their permanent registration. Due to recent legislative changes, social benefits based on age are paid to men who have reached 65 years of age, and to women from 63 years of age.

Expected changes

The reform of the pension system, which began in 2019, is planned to be completed by 2028. Until this time, the so-called transition period will last, during which it is planned to recalculate social payments towards their increase.

Important! Those who have already reached retirement age at the time of the reform are not affected by the increase, and they can count on all upcoming indexations planned by the government.

The age increase will occur gradually. This applies to both men and women. The increase in age can be presented in the following table:

Many citizens greeted the pension reform with disapproval. Judging by reviews on the Internet, past mass protests and data from statistical agencies, not everyone liked the strategy chosen by the country’s leadership and the need to work for an extra 5 years, even under the condition that subsequently the level of payments will be higher. At the same time, there are no plans for a new increase in the retirement age today.

Conclusion

Legislative changes in the system of formation and payment of pensions lead to the fact that, on the one hand, the retirement period increases, and on the other, its size. The reform was largely caused by a large percentage of elderly people in the total number of citizens, which is associated with a demographic hole due to a number of events in the new and modern history Russia. At the same time, those who work today and pay contributions to the Pension Fund can independently influence the increase in their pension if they use the services of non-state funds.

Mass pensions were first introduced in 1889 in Germany by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The first state pension fund collected money from both employees and employers. The more money a person invested in the fund, the higher the pension he received in old age. In 1891 in Denmark and in 1898 in New Zealand, governments introduced pensions for those in need - this is how the authorities tried to reduce social inequality in society. By the beginning of the 20th century, two approaches to pensions had emerged:

Pension is a benefit for long service for former employees. Its size depended on length of service, labor and social services to society and the state.

Pension is an equal payment for people with low incomes.

Two types of pension system

Based on these two approaches, in world practice by the middle of the 20th century, funded and joint pensions were distinguished. Both types of pension systems are conditional, and in different years the world uses different sources of financing and their proportions.

In the funded pension system, employees and/or employers contribute money to individual accounts. Upon reaching retirement age, disability or another insured event, the client begins to receive benefits. In such a system, the state only guarantees the payment of pensions.

In a solidarity system, contributions are collected from all sources into a single fund and then paid to pensioners. Depending on the sources of financing, two subtypes of the solidarity system are distinguished:

Insurance system - works like an insurance fund. All employees pay insurance premiums, which provide benefits to pensioners.

The state provision system - the pension fund is formed on the basis of budget money. The state transfers part of the earnings from the state budget to the pension fund. Citizens do not pay special contributions to the pension fund - it is formed from all state income: taxes from the population and companies, sales of raw materials, goods, technologies, services, etc.

Pension in Russia and how it was structured

The first pensions in Russia began to be paid to civil servants and military personnel in the 17th century. Later, the number of categories of citizens receiving pensions expanded until a mass pension appeared in 1964. Prior to this, in 1956, the Soviet government approved the law “On State Pensions,” under which women aged 55 and men aged 60 who did not work on collective farms could receive benefits. Eight years later, collective farmers began to receive state pensions - before that, they received benefits from artels, which organized their own funds and mutual aid funds.

The Russian pension system is a set of Russian Federation legal, economic and organizational institutions and norms aimed at providing citizens with material support in the form of a pension. Russian pension system in modern form introduced on January 1, 2002 and includes relations on the formation of the appointment and payment of the following types of pensions:

Labor pension;

State pensions;

Non-state pension.

The Russian pension system is a rather difficult to understand combination of the old distribution system for those who have already been assigned a state pension, and elements of the funded component for those who will still be assigned a state (labor) pension. As before, pensions are paid to current pensioners from amounts received by taxation of salaries (payroll) of the working generation.

Non-state pension provision and pension insurance provided by non-state pension funds have become important components of the Russian pension system.

If the difference between the components of the pension system by type of management and ownership - state / non-state, is clear from the name, then the terms “security” and “insurance” have a large number of definitions.

Provision - a system of measures aimed at compensating legally established citizens for their earnings during the period of incapacity at the expense of funds Pension Fund Russia, formed from payments from the federal budget.

Insurance is a system of legal, economic and organizational measures aimed at compensating citizens for their earnings during periods of incapacity from funds generated from insurance premiums paid by policyholders (enterprises, institutions, citizens).

The structure of the pension system of the Russian Federation is presented in Figure 1.

State pension provision (until 2002) - payment of state pensions assigned before January 1, 2002 based on length of service, the ratio of the employee’s average monthly salary and the average salary in the country. This type of pension is paid from the federal budget.

State pension insurance - assignment and payment of labor pensions (basic, insurance and funded parts), starting from January 1, 2002, to employees insured by the Pension Fund of Russia and citizens carrying out individual activities (notaries, entrepreneurs, etc.) depending on the size paid insurance premiums and insurance period(time of payment of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of Russia by employers or citizens engaged in individual activities). The minimum insurance period required to assign a labor pension is 5 years. A labor pension is understood as a monthly cash payment in order to compensate citizens for wages or other income that the insured persons received before the establishment of a labor pension or were lost by disabled family members of the insured persons due to the death of these persons. Right to labor pension determined by the conditions and standards established by the pension legislation of the Russian Federation.

State pension provision (since 2002) - assignment and payment of pensions under state pension provision.

State pension is a monthly state cash payment that is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for lost earnings (income). The following have the right to a pension under state pension provision:

Federal government employees;

Military personnel;

Participants of the Great Patriotic War;

Citizens affected by radiation or man-made disasters;

Disabled citizens (disabled people) depending on their length of service in public service or length of service. The size of the state pension for participants of the Great Patriotic War, citizens who suffered as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, and disabled citizens (disabled people) corresponds in percentage terms to the size of the basic part of the labor pension. This type of pension is paid from the federal budget.

Professional pension systems - assignment and payment of professional preferential pensions associated with special working conditions (lists No. 1, No. 2 of industries, workshops, professions and positions that give the right to a state pension on preferential terms). Professional pensions are paid from additional contributions employers (founders of professional pension systems) before reaching retirement age. This type of pension is currently not awarded until the relevant federal law is adopted.

Non-state pension provision - assignment and payment of non-state pensions at the expense of pension contributions of investors (legal entities and/or individuals) under the terms of non-state pension agreements concluded between investors and non-state pension funds.

Compulsory pension insurance - assignment and payment by non-state pension funds of the funded part of a labor pension at the expense of insurance contributions from employers and citizens engaged in individual activities, under the terms of contracts on compulsory pension insurance concluded between the insured persons and non-state pension funds.

The main federal laws currently regulating pension provision in the Russian Federation include:

Federal Law of December 15, 2001 No. 166 - Federal Law “On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation”;

Federal Law of December 15, 2001 No. 167 - Federal Law “On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation”;

Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173 - Federal Law “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”;

Federal Law of April 1, 1996 No. 27 - Federal Law “On individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system”;

Federal Law of July 24, 2002 No. 111 - Federal Law "On investing funds to finance the funded part of the labor pension in the Russian Federation";

Federal Law of December 31, 2002 No. 190 - Federal Law "On the provision of compulsory social insurance benefits to citizens working in organizations and individual entrepreneurs that apply special tax regimes, and certain other categories of citizens."

The structure of pension provision in the Russian Federation is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Pension provision in the Russian Federation

In addition, the legislation regulating compulsory pension insurance includes:

Constitution of the Russian Federation;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 15, 1997 No. 318 “On measures to organize individual (personalized) accounting for the purposes of state pension insurance.”

The pension system of the Russian Federation consists of the following institutions (Figure 3):

Figure 3 - Institutes of the pension system of the Russian Federation

Pension Russian Federation Fund (PFR) - one of the largest and most important social institutions Russia and the most effective system for providing social services in the Russian Federation. The Fund ensures timely payment of pensions to every citizen of Russia in full accordance with his pension rights.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation performs the functions of providing pensions to citizens of the Russian Federation. Initially, funds in the form of pension contributions go to the Pension Fund.

The purpose of the Pension Fund is to provide pensions for Russian citizens. The main legal basis for the fund's activities is the regulation on the "Pension Fund of the Russian Federation", adopted back in 1991 by a resolution of the Supreme Council. It defines the Pension Fund as an independent financial and credit institution created for the purpose of state management of pension finance in the Russian Federation. In addition, the Pension Fund performs the functions of the main subject of compulsory state pension insurance.

To implement its functions, the Pension Fund (PFR) forms its own budget, which is subject to approval by federal law. The Pension Fund (PFR) includes both a centralized fund and its regional and local branches.

The Compulsory Insurance Pension Fund is managed by a centralized body - the Board, headed by the Chairman.

Non-state Pension Fund (NPF) is a certain form of non-profit organization providing social security. Thus, the main task of NPFs is non-state pension provision for citizens of the Russian Federation. The legal basis for the activities of non-state funds is the Federal Law “On Non-State Pension Funds”.

To solve the main problem, non-state pension funds implement a number of functions, which include collecting funds from citizens, placing them with the subsequent distribution of profits received from investing funds. In addition, NPFs carry out registration of all documents necessary for issuing pensions and directly pay out funds to citizens of the Russian Federation.

The operating mechanism of non-state pension funds is quite simple. First of all, a person who has decided to entrust the funded part of a pension to a non-state pension fund must conclude a pension agreement with him, the main element of which is one of three pension schemes. Under the savings scheme, the depositor will receive pension for a specified period of time. The insurance scheme gives the investor the opportunity to receive a lifelong pension. The last scheme is mixed. It combines the features of savings and insurance schemes.

A depositor can be not only a citizen (that is, an individual), but also a legal entity that transfers the funded part of the pension of its employees to a non-state pension fund.

Non-state pension funds invest funds received from investors in assets and receive profit in the form of interest. The NPF keeps part of it as remuneration and to pay expenses, the other part forms an insurance reserve, and the rest is added to the amounts contributed by investors, forming a pension.

When the investor (individual) reaches retirement age, the NPF calculates the amount of the pension, as well as the procedure for receiving it. The selection of a non-state pension fund is carried out according to many criteria, including its experience in this area, the composition of the founders, the size of the fund’s reserves, as well as the total amount of pension contributions. All these indicators mainly indicate the reliability of the NPF, which is most important for investors who trust the fund with their future.

The possibility of transferring the funded part of a pension to Non-State Pension Funds (NPF) appeared on January 1, 2004.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 22, 2003 No. 34, Vnesheconombank was appointed as the state management company. Funds are received by the state management company if the citizen of the Russian Federation has not made a choice in favor of another management company.

Vnesheconombank began to fulfill its duties as a state management company, based on a number of Federal laws, regulations of executive authorities, as well as an agreement with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the bank is under the control of the FFMS (Federal Service for Financial Markets), the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia.

In accordance with the principles, the main of which is the priority of the interests of the founder, the bank realizes its main goal: ensuring the safety of citizens' pension savings. To do this, the management company has the right to invest funds in various types of securities, which include government and mortgage securities, as well as deposit funds in rubles and foreign currency into the accounts of credit institutions.

Private management companies work with the funded part of pensions. The question of choosing a private management company arises if a citizen of the Russian Federation wishes to transfer the funded part of his pension contributions to trust management by a private management company, rather than leave it under the management of a state management company.

Management companies (private or public) carry out only temporary management of the financial resources of future pensioners, and by the time a citizen reaches retirement age, the accumulated financial resources are transferred to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, where the pension itself is calculated. At the same time, they carry out their company activities under strict state control.

During the existence of the Russian Federation, the topic of pension provision in the country was raised more than once. The first pension reform in the Russian Federation was carried out in 1990. At this time, a number of legislative documents were adopted regulating the minimum pension amount, the procedure for calculating the pension rate based on length of service and salary level, as well as a number of other issues ensuring pension payments to citizens of the Russian Federation .

The problem of decent pension provision is one of the most pressing for modern Russia. The ongoing pension reform is a long-term program aimed at:

Continuous implementation of measures to maintain the standard of living of pensioners in the face of rising living costs;

Solving urgent current problems of social security;

Solving strategic problems related to the stable state of the pension system.

With the entry into force in 2002 of the federal laws “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”, “On state pension provision in the Russian Federation”, “On compulsory pension insurance” and “On investing funds to finance the funded part of labor pensions in the Russian Federation” in The country has launched a pension reform mechanism, which is one of the components of the complex of economic reforms being carried out in Russia.

The newly developed model of the pension system, based on the insurance principles of pension formation, was designed to lead the country out of the distribution system and into the future of personal pension savings and earned insurance compensation.

Pension reform is a set of organizational, legal, economic and political measures related to changes in the conditions of pension provision.

The main objective of the reform is to achieve long-term financial balance of the pension system, increase the level of pension provision for citizens and create a stable source of additional income to the social system.

The essence of the pension reform in the Russian Federation was the transition of the Pension Fund from a distribution scheme to a distribution-savings scheme. The distribution scheme was the collection of pension contributions from working citizens and their subsequent distribution among the retired population.

With the beginning of the implementation of the pension reform (January 2002), the pension system of the Russian Federation has undergone significant changes. Instead of a distribution pension system, a mixed pension system began to operate, which consists of a set of pensions (Figure 4).

The distribution and accumulation scheme not only distributes pension contributions, but also accumulates a certain part of the contributions in a special pension account of a working citizen.

Figure 4 - Main types of pensions in Russia

Before the pension reform, the Pension Fund operated on a distribution principle - each employer is obliged to pay the Unified Social Tax (UST), which provides for contributions to the Pension Fund. The Pension Fund used these proceeds to pay pensions to current pensioners. Contributions to the Pension Fund consisted of two parts:

Basic;

Insurance

Briefly, we can say that all contributions to the Pension Fund went to one account or to one general fund from which pensions were paid.

With the implementation of the pension reform, the Pension Fund moved from a distribution system of pension savings to a distribution-savings system. Thus, the pension began to include three parts:

Basic;

Insurance;

Cumulative (Figure 5).

Each citizen now has pension savings accounts, with the help of which a separate part of the pension is accumulated into their own pension fund. This means that every citizen begins to form his own pension when he starts working.

Figure 5 - Structure of labor pension

By carrying out pension reform in the country, the state pursues the following goals:

Improve pension payments to citizens of the Russian Federation;

Ensure a decent old age for pensioners;

Stabilize the situation, taking into account the demographic crisis;

Eliminate “black” wages;

Attract additional investment into the country's economy.

Pension conditions in Russia are considered one of the most democratic in the world:

All residents have the right to a pension in the compulsory pension insurance system - both citizens of Russia and foreigners and stateless persons permanently residing on its territory;

The labor pension is not subject to personal income tax;

A labor pension is provided for age, disability and in the event of loss of a breadwinner, provided that the insurance period (that is, the length of service during which the employer made contributions to the insurance part of the labor pension for the employee within the framework of the unified social tax) of the insured person is at least 5 years;

The official retirement age for old age is one of the lowest in the world: 55 for women and 60 for men;

Social pension is provided five years after reaching the official retirement age - for men from 65 years of age and for women from 60 years of age;

Once granted, a retirement pension continues to be paid even if the recipient changes country of residence.

Russia, like many countries in the world, has faced many problems in providing pensions for its citizens (unfavorable demographic situation, budget deficit for state pension insurance), and the result for the majority of pensioners has been low pensions. The average pension in 2008 was 3,086 rubles with an average salary of 13,527 rubles, which corresponded to the average replacement rate for all sectors of the economy - 22.8% (in 2007 - 25.6%). Moreover, in accordance with the recommendations of the International Labor Organization (Convention No. 102 “On Minimum Standards of Social Security”), the replacement rate must be at least 40%.

In many countries, a higher replacement rate level of 60-75% is considered comfortable and is set as a guideline. Thus, in no country in the world is a decent standard of living for pensioners ensured solely through the state pension system.

Today, pension systems, which have been in place in most countries for more than 40 years, have reached their maturity. This means that the majority of workers are covered by pension plans and are entitled to receive full benefits, the population is aging, and the proportion of people contributing to pensions is decreasing.

The pension systems of European countries have common features, but it is too early to talk about their unification. Difficulties are associated with taxes, competition between enterprises and other objective reasons specific to each country individually.

Switzerland has state, labor and personal pension insurance. The goals and principles of state pension insurance are defined in the Constitution of the country. It is mandatory for everyone and is designed to ensure decent living for the population of retirement age. The maximum state pension should not exceed two minimum state pensions; the size of pension payments is subject to change with the dynamics of consumer prices in the country. The Constitution also defines the main sources of budget revenues that form state old-age pensions:

Tobacco tax;

Tax on alcoholic beverages;

Gaming business fees.

Pension contributions are made by the state (no more than 1/2 of the amount of the pension insurance contribution), the employer (4.2% of the employee’s salary), and the insured themselves (4.2% of annual income).

The size of the state old-age pension consists of a constant and variable (depending on average income) parts.

The retirement age in Switzerland is 65 years for men and 64 years for women. Due to different price dynamics, in Switzerland each insured person must contribute an additional 1% of his salary to finance the indexation of pensions for people who already receive it.

The UK pension system has three components:

public insurance systems;

professional pension systems;

personal pension plans and Stakeholders pensions.

First component of the UK pension system is a government-provided fixed sum that guarantees a minimum (basic) pension. Since April 2002, a second earnings-related state pension (S2P) has been introduced.

State pensions are formed through mandatory contributions from the employer (11.9% of earnings) and the employee (10%).

Contributions are accumulated in the National Insurance Fund. These funds pay current pension obligations.

The second and third components of the UK pension system relate to non-state pensions and are not mandatory.

Occupational pensions are awarded by an employer or group of employers.

Stakeholders' pensions were introduced in April 2001 and are a simplified and cheaper form of personal pension.

Tax benefits for professional and stakeholder pensions consist in the fact that employee membership contributions to pension contributions and insurance companies are made before taxes.

The UK population is covered almost 100% by basic state pensions, almost 50% by occupational pensions, and just over 25% by personal pensions.

The German pension system was established in the 1890s under Chancellor Bismarck. By analogy with the Swiss, the German pension system has a three-column (three components) model:

state compulsory pension insurance;

industrial pension insurance (voluntary business of managers of firms and enterprises);

private (private) insurance.

Mandatory pension insurance in Germany is divided into pensions for civil servants - the federal level (BFA) and pensions for workers - the state level (LVA). From a legal point of view, there is no difference between them.

Withholding of contributions and payment of pensions is carried out in a unified information mode, according to a unified personalized accounting system. Funds do not accumulate: today's workers pay today's pensioners and form an army of future workers, i.e. pension payers.

The retirement age is the same for both men and women - 65 years.

Those who have completed 35 years of service have the right to retire at age 63. Currently, the number of people who retired before 65 years of age is 20% of the total number of pensioners. Reducing the retirement age entails a reduction in the size of the pension.

The issue of raising the retirement age to 67 years is being considered.

If the first (state) column of the German pension system is based on the mandatory deduction of part of the employee’s salary and additional payment by the state, then the second and third columns (non-state) assume voluntary participation in one case by the employer, in the other by the employee himself, with incentive measures from the state.

Since January 2001, practical reform of the pension system began in Sweden. The general ideas of the new pension model, which have been developed and discussed for almost seven years, have finally begun to be put into practice.

The experience of Switzerland is important for Russia, since, in many social indicators, the Russian Federation is very similar to the kingdom of Sweden. Despite the differences in the level of income of the population and living standards, the cost of living in both places relative to the income of the population is very high, which forces citizens to direct the bulk of their income to current consumption.

In both Russia and Sweden, pensions make up the overwhelming majority of pensioners’ income, if not the only source of livelihood for them.

According to Swedish laws, the official retirement age is 61 years old, but in fact, according to agreements between trade unions and employers, people retire at 65 - 67 years old. The pension system provides two types of pensions - a pension calculated on the basis of income (income pension) and a premium pension (premium pension).

The first is similar to the insurance part of the pension in the Russian pension system, the second is the funded part, established in Russia only for younger age groups. In addition, the system also provides for the so-called guaranteed pension - an analogue of the Russian basic pension with the difference that it is provided for people with low earnings or no income.

The total amount of payments to the Swedish pension system is 16-25% for income-based pensions, 2.5% for bonuses and 3.5% for collectively negotiated pensions.

Scheme public opinion show that the population as a whole is satisfied with the pension system model and considers it fair.

All pension systems of developed countries are a combination of these three schemes in various proportions (Table 1).

Table 1

Pension systems of developed countries

	Financing	Retirement age (men/women)	Period of payment of insurance premiums	For what period are income taken into account for calculating pensions?	Maximum coefficient substitution	Indexation of benefits
	partially-cumulative			entire working period		according to consumer price index
	partially-cumulative			entire working period		net salary
Germany	Distribution			entire working period		net salary
	Distribution			the most profitable 12 years		by consumer price index/gross salary
	distribution			last 5 years
Great Britain	distribution			entire working period		according to consumer price index
	distribution			entire working period		according to consumer price index
	partially-cumulative			the most profitable 15 years		according to consumer price index

The first system performs the function of income redistribution, and the second and third - the accumulation of funds, and all three provide joint insurance against many risk factors in old age. Currently, most developed countries combine all three functions.

It is also necessary to emphasize that the state funded pension insurance system plays a vital role in the economies of European countries. The size of reserves held within this system reaches half of the GDP of a particular country.

Today, the Russian pension system is experiencing negative impacts not only from the global processes of population aging and the increasing burden on its working population, but also from the economic crisis, which has led to a serious shortage of established pension contributions. It seriously suffers from unsystematic changes that violate the insurance principles underlying pension provision (the pension system today bears a large non-insurance burden, amounting on average to about 30% of current contributions).

Pension system of modern Russia

The Russian pension system is a set of legal, economic and organizational institutions and norms created in the Russian Federation with the goal of providing citizens with material security in the form of a pension. In its modern form, it was introduced on January 1, 2015 and includes relations on the formation, assignment and payment of the following types of pensions: insurance pension, state pension, funded pension. In 2015, 43 million Russian citizens received state pensions. A significant portion of pensioners earn below the pensioner’s subsistence level.

IN modern world the state is the guarantor of the stability of the socio-economic situation of citizens; one of the main criteria for the stability of the socio-economic situation of citizens is the effectiveness of the pension model.

The pension system in Russia has been undergoing changes for many years. The goal of the reform is to achieve a socially acceptable level of pension provision for citizens. On this moment The country has once again adopted a new model of the pension system, the main distinguishing feature of which is providing citizens with the opportunity to choose a pension model for receiving a pension upon reaching retirement age - with a full deduction of contributions in the amount of 22% to the insurance part of the pension or dividing it into the insurance part ( 16%) and accumulative (6%), the accumulative part can be invested in various non-state pension funds (NPFs) and other investment organizations.

In accordance with the new pension legislation, if citizens who have not previously submitted an application to choose a management company wish that in subsequent years, insurance contributions in the amount of 6% of the individual tariff continue to be used to form the funded part of their labor pension, they should do so by 31 December 2015 submit an application to select a Management Company (MC) or NPF. At the same time, as before, when transferring pension savings to a non-state pension fund, a citizen must conclude an appropriate agreement on compulsory pension insurance with the selected NPF.

The above means that the investor’s choice for the funded part of the pension (6% tariff) is associated with the choice of a management company or a non-state pension fund. For those who do not submit an application before December 31, 2015, pension savings will no longer be formed through the receipt of new insurance contributions from the employer, and all insurance contributions will be sent to form the insurance part of the pension to the Pension Fund of Russia (PFR).

Thus, the state will transfer the majority of citizens to an insurance pension model without a funded part, since most citizens do not seek to make their choice in favor of a management company or non-state pension fund.

It is obvious that the modern model of the Russian pension system is imperfect and has certain disadvantages:

1. Simplicity and transparency are not characteristic of the new pension formula. On the one hand, the proposed point-based pension system is very complex and opaque for the population to understand. On the other hand, for most workers, the procedure for determining the maximum amount of pension coefficients from 2015 to 2021 is complicated. All priorities in the new pension formula are shifted to wages 1.5–2.3 times higher than the average wage in the country. At the same time, the interests of regions and workers with wages below the average wage in the country are not taken into account. Indexation of the basic part of pension accumulation is guaranteed only in accordance with the level of inflation, and not indexation of the basic part of the basic part of pension accumulation in accordance with the increase in the cost of living.

2. Absolute balance of the pension system as a difference between income and expenses equal to zero cannot be achieved, since at the beginning of the year it is impossible to accurately predict the amount of receipts of pension contributions, the sum of the pension coefficients of all pensioners in the current year and, accordingly, determine the size of one pension coefficient.

3. In the new pension accumulation model, it is necessary to reserve funds that were not spent on paying pensions to employees who postponed the assignment of pensions at retirement age. With a significant number of workers who have postponed the assignment of pensions, as they retire, the amount of pension coefficients (new pension rights) will increase significantly. Without reserving funds, in a few years the growth of the value of the pension coefficient will slow down significantly, then additional federal budget expenditures will be required to ensure an increase in the value of the pension coefficient due to inflation.

It follows that the main innovation is the introduction of the so-called point system for calculating pensions, which in turn involves a transition to a system for calculating individual pension coefficients and, consequently, a transition to a new pension formula. In this form, the pension formula is completely opaque and leaves to the discretion of the state both the establishment of the specific size of the pension and the value of the indexation coefficients of the insurance and basic parts of the pension. In the circumstances created by the state, the opportunity to encourage citizens to retire later will be lost, since it is impossible to estimate in advance the exact size of the pension. In addition, there is the possibility of losing the amount of the pension if, at the time the employee reaches retirement age, the value of the pension coefficient will be significantly higher than that established several years later.

As a result, it should be concluded that the pension reform did not bring fundamental changes in favor of citizens, in addition, during the reform, one of its main goals was not achieved - stimulating citizens to continue working after reaching retirement age. This goal was not achieved due to the fact that the assessment system of pension savings was reduced to a point form, but in turn no steps were taken to index the main savings part in relation to the pensioner’s subsistence level; in this situation, a citizen may lose if they will decide to continue working after reaching retirement age. Consequently, we can conclude that this reform did not bring qualitative changes in the pension system and could not achieve the main goal - strengthening the position of pensioners.

A distribution system is used in which the direct source of payments is, depending on the type of pension or part thereof, the state budget or insurance contributions received by the Pension Fund. Non-state supplementary pension provision non-state pensions paid under agreements with non-state pension funds, financed by contributions from employers and employees in their favor and income received from their investment. From January 1, 2015, a package of relevant laws in...

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General characteristics of the Russian pension system

Pension systemis a system of interconnected and interacting monetary sources, bodies and institutions, security entities, types of security and regulatory legal acts aimed at realizing the rights of citizens in the field of pension provision. Representing a holistic formation, the pension system, depending on the sources of financing and the subjects of support, consists of several structural elements - parts, which are: 1) pension provision for compulsory pension insurance;

2) state pension provision; 3) additional pension provision. Each part of the pension system, in turn, is a system consisting of elements that are interconnected. The elements of each part of the pension system are the following subsystems: 1) financing; 2) management; 3) collateral subjects; 4) types of security; 5) legal.

In many ways, the features of the pension system are determined by the underlying principles of financing - distribution or savings. Currently, in the Russian Federation, as a result of the reform, the pension system is of a mixed nature. Firstly, a distribution system is used, in which the direct source of payments is, depending on the type of pension or part thereof, the state budget or insurance contributions received by the Pension Fund. Secondly, a mandatory savings system is used. Currently, contributions to finance the funded part are received for persons born in 1967 and younger. Funds, at the choice of the insured person, are paid to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation or a non-state pension fund, and can be transferred from one fund to another. Thirdly, there is additional pension provision (distribution and accumulation principles are applied). The distribution principle has absolute predominance in terms of the number of pensions and their share in total expenses for pension provision.

• Pension provision

There are three types of pension provision in the Russian Federation:

State pension provision,based on financing pensions from the federal budget. State pension benefits are assigned to civil servants (including military personnel, employees of law enforcement agencies, as well as members of their families), participants in the Great Patriotic War, citizens awarded the “Resident of Siege Leningrad” badge, citizens affected by radiation or man-made disasters, and members of their families, cosmonauts and members of their families, flight test personnel, as well as socially vulnerable citizens who, due to circumstances, have not acquired the right to a labor pension, disabled citizens.

Mandatory pension insurance,which includes an old-age labor pension (as part of the insurance and funded parts) and a labor pension for disability or in the event of loss of a breadwinner (as part of the insurance part) and financed by insurance contributions from the employer. Citizens of the Russian Federation registered in the compulsory pension insurance system, disabled family members of insured persons, and in the event of loss of a breadwinner have the right to a labor pension. Foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation have the right to a labor pension on an equal basis with Russian citizens.

Non-state (additional) pension provisionnon-state pensions, paid under agreements with non-state pension funds, financed by contributions from employers and employees in their favor and income received from their investment.

From January 1, 2015 package of relevant lawsIn Russia, a new procedure has been introduced for the formation of pension rights of citizens and the calculation of pensions in the compulsory pension insurance system. Three types of insurance pensions have been established: old age, disability, and loss of a breadwinner. The funded part of the pension is separated into an independent type of pension. The new procedure does not apply to the formation and assignment of pensions for state pension provision (social pensions, long service, old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner).

State pensionmonthly state cash payment, which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for earnings (income) lost due to termination of public service upon reaching the length of service established by law upon retirement to an old-age (disability) pension; or in order to compensate for the lost earnings of a citizen from among the cosmonauts or from among the flight test personnel in connection with retirement for long service; or for the purpose of compensation for harm caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching a certain age; or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.

State pension benefits are paid from the Federal budget and are of the following types:

• social pensionis assigned to disabled citizens: women from 60 years of age, men from 65 years of age, disabled people of groups I, II, III, including disabled people since childhood, disabled children, children under 18 years of age and older, but not more than 23 years of age, students full-time in educational institutions who have lost one or both parents, and children of a deceased single mother, citizens from among small peoples North: men from 55 years old and women from 50 years old;
  • for long service appointed to federal government civil servants, military personnel, astronauts and flight test personnel;
  • old age prescribed to victims of radiation or man-made disasters;
  • on disability assigned to military personnel, participants of the Second World War, persons awarded the “Resident of Siege Leningrad” badge, citizens affected by radiation or man-made disasters, cosmonauts;
  • on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinneris assigned to family members of military personnel, citizens affected by radiation or man-made disasters, and astronauts.
• Social payments

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and its territorial bodies make social payments in accordance with current Russian legislation. These include, in particular, monthly cash payments to certain categories of citizens from among federal beneficiaries and additional monthly financial support.

Additional monthly financial support (DEMO)monthly payments to certain categories of citizens. Only citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to additional monthly financial support, regardless of their place of residence.

DEMO in the amount of 1,000 rubles. installed:

• disabled people and participants of the Great Patriotic War;
  • disabled people due to military trauma;
  • former minor prisoners of concentration camps, ghettos and other places of forced detention.

DEMO in the amount of 500 rubles. installed:

• military personnel who served in military units, institutions, military educational institutions that were not part of the active army in the period from June 22, 1941 to September 3, 1945 for at least six months, as well as military personnel awarded orders or medals of the USSR for service during the specified period;
  • widows of military personnel killed during the war; widows of disabled people of the Great Patriotic War;
  • persons awarded the badge “Resident of besieged Leningrad”;
  • former adult prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, prisons and ghettos.

DEMO is paid by the territorial body of the Pension Fund simultaneously with the pension.

Citizens who have the right to DEMO, but have not implemented it in a timely manner, must submit an application for the appointment of this payment to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at their place of residence. If a citizen has the right to DEMO, but he is not a pensioner, this payment is also assigned and paid by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence, and in the case of permanent residence outside of Russia - by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

If a citizen simultaneously has the right to receive DEMO on several grounds, it is established on one basis, providing for a higher payment amount.

Monthly cash payment (MAP)social benefits established by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for certain categories of citizens from among:

• veterans (Great Patriotic War, military operations, etc.);
  • disabled people, including disabled children;
  • former minor prisoners of fascism;
  • persons injured as a result of exposure to radiation.

To assign an EDV, a citizen must submit a written application to the Pension Fund at the place of residence (at the place of actual residence). Citizens receiving a pension submit an application for the establishment of an EDV to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation that provides their pension.
If a citizen simultaneously has the right to receive EDV on several grounds within the framework of one law, EDV is established on one basis, providing for a higher amount of payment.

Set of Social Services (NSS)recipients of a one-time cash payment have the right to state social assistance in the form of a set of social services, which includes:

• additional free medical care, including provision in accordance with standards medical care according to the prescriptions of a doctor (paramedic) with necessary medicines, medical products, as well as specialized medical nutrition products for disabled children, provision of vouchers for sanatorium-resort treatment if there are medical indications;
  • free commuter ride railway transport, as well as on intercity transport to and from the place of treatment.

When providing social services, citizens with disability group I and disabled children have the right to receive, under the same conditions, a second voucher for sanatorium treatment and free travel on suburban railway transport, as well as on intercity transport to the place of treatment and back for person accompanying them.

Refusal from a set of social servicescitizens entitled to a set of social services can choose: to receive social services in kind or in cash. It is allowed to replace a set of social services with money in whole or in part.

In order to refuse to receive a set of social services in kind and receive cash, you must, before October 1, submit an application for refusal to receive social services or one social service to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, which carries out the EDV.

From April 1, 2010, 705 rubles are allocated to pay for the provision of a set of social services to a citizen. 10 kopecks per month.

It is enough to submit an application for refusal of benefits in kind (receiving medicines, free travel, etc.) once, after which there is no need to confirm your decision annually. The submitted application for refusal will be valid until the citizen decides to resume receiving benefits. In this case, the beneficiary will need to submit an application to the Pension Fund office at their place of residence before October 1.

Social supplement to pensionan additional payment to the pension up to the level of the regional subsistence level of the pensioner, established for all non-working pensioners whose total material income is below its value.

There are two types of social supplement: federal or regional.

A federal surcharge is established if a pensioner lives in a region where the pensioner’s cost of living is lower than the federal cost of living. It is paid by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

A regional surcharge is established if the pensioner lives in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, where the pensioner’s cost of living is higher than the federal one. It is paid by the social protection authorities of the region.

To receive a social supplement, those who retired before January 1, 2010 do not need to do anything The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, together with the social security authorities, calculated the amount of the social supplement. For those who retire after January 1, 2010, social benefits are established simultaneously with the assignment of a pension upon the application of a citizen.

Federal register of persons entitled to receive state social assistance a personalized list of federal beneficiaries, maintained by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation to exercise the rights of citizens to receive monthly cash payments, social services, as well as to ensure high-quality and efficient spending of funds allocated for these purposes.

Increasing pensions and social benefits

From 2015, indexation of insurance pensions will be carried out through indexation of the value of the pension point. As of January 1, 2015, its cost is 64.1 rubles. The Pension Fund budget includes the costs of indexing the cost of the coefficient from February 1, 2015 by 7.5%, but the cost of the point will be indexed to the actual consumer price index for 2014 11.5% (expected). Along with the insurance pension, a fixed payment to it will be indexed to the actual level of inflation on February 1 (analogous to the current fixed base amount).

As a result of the February indexation, the average annual old-age insurance pension in 2015 will be at least 12,844 rubles.

From April 1, 2015, social pensions will be indexed to the actual growth index of the pensioner's living wage of at least 12.3%. As a result, in 2015 the average annual social pension will be at least 8,496 rubles.

On April 1, the size of the monthly cash payment (MCV) will be indexed by 5.5%.

Maternal capital

The amount of maternity capital from January 1, 2015 will be indexed and will amount to 453,026 rubles, which is 23.6 thousand rubles more than in 2014. The PFR budget has allocated up to 344.5 billion rubles for the payment of its funds in 2015. This is 43.5 billion rubles more than in 2014. The areas for using maternity capital remain the same: improving the family’s living conditions, educating and maintaining children in educational institutions, increasing the mother’s pension.

Insurance premiums and reporting

The insurance premium rate for compulsory pension insurance in 2015 remains at 22%. The maximum wage fund, from which insurance contributions to the compulsory pension insurance system are paid, will be indexed in 2015 and will amount to 711 thousand rubles (plus 10% above this amount).

At the same time, as before, the additional tariff of insurance premiums for employers with jobs in hazardous and hazardous industries (if the employer does not conduct a special assessment of working conditions) in 2015 will be 9% for List No. 1, 9% for List No. 2 and “small lists” » 6%.

The number of employees of organizations that must submit reports to the Pension Fund electronically is reduced from 50 to 25 people. That is, now, if the number of employees to whom payments are made in a company exceeds 25 people, then reporting on insurance premiums is submitted in the form of an electronic document with an electronic signature. At the same time, almost 90% of policyholders have already switched to electronic interaction with the Pension Fund.

Since 2015, employers must determine the amount of insurance contributions to the relevant state extra-budgetary funds accurately: in rubles and kopecks. Until 2015, insurance premiums were determined in full rubles.

In addition, since 2015, pension contributions are accrued from payments to foreign citizens and stateless persons temporarily staying in the Russian Federation, regardless of the validity period of the concluded employment contracts.

In 2015, individual entrepreneurs, lawyers, notaries and others individuals paying insurance premiums in a fixed amount and whose income exceeds 300 thousand rubles,for the first time pay 1% of the amount of excess income for the billing period. This 1% must be paid no later than April 1 following the reporting year.

State pension co-financing program

On December 31, 2014, entry into the State Pension Co-financing Program closes. All those who manage to become participants in the Program before this deadline have the opportunity to make a first contribution to “activate” it until January 31, 2015 inclusive.

Thus, for all those who joined or will join the program in the period from October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014 and made or will make the first contribution up to January 31, 2015 inclusive, the state will provide co-financing of voluntary contributions for future pension for 10 years (from the year of the first contribution) subject to payment of contributions in the amount of at least 2,000 rubles per year.

Choosing a pension option

Citizens born in 1967 and younger in 2015 have the opportunity to choose the option of forming pension rights: either forming an insurance and funded pension, or choosing to form only an insurance pension.

The choice of option will directly affect the number of pension points that a citizen can accumulate in a year. If a citizen forms only insurance pension, the maximum number of points he can earn in a year is 10. If a citizen forms both insurance and funded pensions 6.25.

When choosing the ratio of the percentage of formation of insurance and funded pensions, you should remember that the insurance pension is guaranteed to be increased by the state no less than the inflation rate. The funded pension funds are invested in the financial market by a non-state pension fund or management company chosen by the citizen. The profitability of pension savings depends on the results of their investment, and there may be a loss from investment. In this case, only the amount of insurance premiums paid is guaranteed for payment.

It is important to note that in 2015, regardless of the choice of pension option, all citizens have pension rights only for an insurance pension based on the entire amount of 22% of accrued insurance contributions.

Payment of pension savings

In 2015, the Pension Fund will continue to pay out pension savings. If a citizen is already a pensioner or has the right to receive a pension and at the same time has funds for pension savings, then he should contact the Pension Fund for the appropriate payment. If a citizen forms his pension savings through a non-state pension fund, then an application should be submitted to the relevant non-state pension fund.

It is important to note that since 2015, changes have been made to the deadlines for applying for a lump sum payment. Let us remind you that if, upon retirement, the volume of a citizen’s pension savings in the total amount of his pension is five percent or less, the pension savings are paid in the form of a lump sum payment. Now, since 2015, if a citizen received his pension savings in the form of a lump sum payment, the following lump sum payment can be produced to him no earlier than in five years. This change primarily concerns participants in the State Pension Co-financing Program who are pensioners.

General characteristics of the system of social benefits, social assistance and social services in the Russian Federation

Social benefits are payments made to citizens in cases established by law on a monthly, periodic or one-time basis, in order to fully or partially compensate for temporarily lost earnings or provide material support.

Currently, the following types of benefits are provided, allocated according to the basis for their provision (in addition to benefits and compensation payments in connection with maternity, paternity and childhood). Namely:

1. temporary disability benefit;

2. maternity benefit;

3. benefits for women registered in medical institutions in early dates pregnancy;

4. benefit for the birth of a child;

5. allowance for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of one and a half years;

6. child benefit;

7. funeral benefit;

8. unemployment benefits.

As a rule, all citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons, including refugees living in Russia, enjoy the right to receive benefits when appropriate circumstances occur.

General rules regarding all types of benefits provided to citizens with children:

1. Maternity benefits, a one-time benefit for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy, a one-time benefit for the birth of a child, as well as a monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years are assigned if the application they were followed no later than six months, respectively, from the date of the end of maternity leave, from the date of birth of the child, from the day the child reaches the age of one and a half years.

2. The obligation of recipients of state benefits to promptly notify the authorities assigning benefits of the occurrence of circumstances leading to a change in the amount of benefits or termination of their payment.

3. Excessively paid amounts of state benefits are withheld from them only if the overpayment occurred through their fault (submission of documents with deliberately incorrect information, concealment of data affecting the calculation of the amount of benefits, etc.). Deductions are made in an amount not exceeding 20% ​​of either the amount of benefits due to the recipient for each subsequent payment, or the amount of the recipient’s wages in accordance with labor legislation. When payment of benefits is terminated, the remaining debt is collected from the recipient in court. Amounts overpaid to the recipient due to the fault of the body that assigned the state benefit are not subject to withholding, except in the case of a counting error. In this case, damages are recovered from the perpetrators in the manner prescribed by law.

4. The amount of state benefits in regions and localities where regional coefficients for wages are established are determined using these coefficients, if they are not taken into account as part of wages. Social benefits are calculated on the basis of either individual earnings or a certain social standard corresponding to the economic capabilities of the state and commensurate, as a rule, with the subsistence level in the country.The Federal Law of August 7, 2000 “On the procedure for establishing the amounts of scholarships and social payments in the Russian Federation” stipulates that henceforth the amounts of benefits and other mandatory social payments are established in fixed amounts. The amounts of these payments, in accordance with the law, are established annually based on the cost of living in the country as a whole. The laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may establish higher amounts at the expense of the corresponding budgets. The law of August 7, 2000 also established that from January 1, 2001, the amount of social benefits is determined based on the base amount of 100 rubles. In this regard, changes were made to all other laws and regulations.

Social benefits are classified according to various criteria, in addition to the grounds for their provision:

1. according to their intended purpose:

Compensation in full or in part for temporarily lost earnings (temporary disability benefits, maternity benefits, unemployment benefits);

Providing assistance in replenishing income in connection with the occurrence of various other circumstances (benefits for the birth of a child, funeral benefits, child benefits).

2. according to the duration of their payment:

Monthly (child benefit);

One-time (benefits for women who registered with a medical institution in the early stages of pregnancy, benefits for the birth of a child);

Periodic (for a period of temporary disability).

3. depending on the source of funds from which benefits are issued:

Paid from the funds of centralized extra-budgetary compulsory social insurance funds;

Budgetary allocations.

4. depending on the contingent of citizens recipients:

Benefits for everyone (child benefit, child birth benefit);

Benefits for workers, including certain categories of the employed population (maternity benefits for hired women and those undergoing certain service).

It should be borne in mind that the same benefit to different categories of citizens can be paid from different sources. Thus, maternity benefits for employed women are provided at the expense of state social insurance funds, and for women serving in the military and some other service, at the expense of budgetary allocations. The same applies to benefits during parental leave for a child under one and a half years of age. There are “hidden” benefits; they are typical for citizens undergoing military and some other service. Citizens undergoing such service are not provided, for example, with temporary disability benefits, and women are not provided with maternity benefits. For the corresponding periods of temporary disability or maternity leave, they are retained in full the established monetary allowance. For them, therefore, the saved allowance is an appropriate allowance.

Social payments

Disabled people and disabled children have the right tomonthly cash payment. EDV is established and paid by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence of the citizen.

Payments for caring for disabled citizens, disabled children and disabled people from childhood, group 1

Compensation payment to non-working able-bodied persons caring for disabled citizens

A non-working able-bodied citizen who cares for a disabled citizen (group I disabled person, with the exception of group I disabled people since childhood, as well as an elderly person who, upon conclusion of a medical institution, needs constant outside care or has reached the age of 80 years), regardless of their joint residence and The monthly compensation payment depends on whether he is a member of his family.

The amount of compensation payment is 1200 rubles. The payment is made together with the pension assigned to the disabled citizen.

Monthly payment to persons caring for disabled children and people with disabilities since childhood of group I

A monthly payment is established for parents (adoptive parents), guardians (trustees) and other persons caring for disabled children under 18 years of age or disabled children of group I since childhood.

The monthly payment amount is:

• parent (adoptive parent) or guardian (trustee) - 5,500 rubles;
• other persons - 1200 rubles.

The compensation or monthly payment is assigned from the month in which the citizen providing care applied for its appointment with an application and all necessary documents to the body that assigns and pays a pension to the citizen being cared for, but not earlier than the day the right to the specified payment arises.

For citizens living in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas, in areas with severe climatic conditions that require additional material and physiological costs for citizens living there, the indicated amount of compensation and monthly payments is increased by the corresponding regional coefficient.

The period of care is counted towards the person caring for a disabled person of group 1, a disabled child and a person who has reached the age of 80 in the insurance period in the amount of 1.8 pension points for each year of care. This allows the caregiver to formulate his pension rights to receive an insurance pension.

Compensation and monthly care payments are assigned to one non-working able-bodied person for each disabled citizen, disabled child or disabled person from childhood of group 1 for the period of care for him. Pensioners and persons receiving unemployment benefits do not have the right to compensation and monthly payments, since they are already recipients of social security in the form of a pension or unemployment benefit established by them in order to compensate for lost earnings or other income

Compensation and monthly payments are made together with the pension assigned to a disabled citizen, a disabled child or a disabled person of group 1 since childhood.

IMPORTANT! In the event of termination of care, going back to work, or the beginning of other activities subject to inclusion in the insurance period, the assignment of a pension, or unemployment benefits, the citizen providing care must independently notify the Pension Fund within 5 days in order to promptly stop making compensation or monthly payments. . Otherwise, the citizen will have to return the illegally received funds to the Pension Fund.

For those citizens who, for health reasons, cannot take care of themselves and manage their daily lives, as a rule, someone helps them. Unemployed able-bodied citizens who provide care have the right to receive compensation or a monthly payment.

Types of payments to caregivers

Compensation payment

It is established for a non-working able-bodied citizen who cares for a disabled citizen, regardless of the fact of cohabitation and whether he is a member of his family.

Disabled citizens who are cared for include:

• disabled people of group I, with the exception of disabled people of group I since childhood;
• elderly citizens who, upon conclusion of a medical institution, need constant outside care;
• citizens over 80 years of age.

Monthly payment

Established for a non-working able-bodied citizen who is caring for a disabled child under the age of 18 or a group I disabled person since childhood.

A compensation/monthly care payment is established for one non-working able-bodied person for each disabled citizen, disabled child and group I disabled person since childhood for the period of care for them and is paid monthly.

The amount of compensation payment is 1,200 rubles.

The monthly payment amount is: to the parent (adoptive parent) or guardian (trustee) 5,500 rubles, to other persons 1,200 rubles.

For citizens who live in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas, in areas with severe climatic conditions that require additional material and physiological costs from the citizens living there, the specified amount of payments increases by the corresponding regional coefficient. This coefficient is used in these areas (localities) when determining the size of pensions.

Where to go

To assign a compensation or monthly payment to a citizen who provides care, it is necessary to contact the body that pays the pension to the citizen for whom care is provided.

What documents to submit

• application from the citizen providing care, indicating his place of residence and the start date of care;
• an application from a disabled citizen, a group I disabled person since childhood, or a legal representative of a disabled child under the age of 18 about consent to the provision of care by a specific person. A disabled child who has reached the age of 14 has the right to submit an application on his own behalf. If care is provided for a citizen who is duly recognized as incompetent, such an application is submitted on behalf of his legal representative with the presentation of documents confirming his powers. Such an application is not required from parents caring for a disabled child under the age of 18. If necessary, the authenticity of the signature of a disabled citizen, a disabled child under 18 years of age, or a group I disabled person from childhood on the said application can be confirmed by an inspection report from the body that pays the pension to the citizen being cared for;
• a certificate stating that a pension was not assigned to the citizen providing care. This certificate must be issued by the body that assigns and pays pensions at the place of residence or place of stay of the caregiver;
• a certificate stating that the citizen providing care does not receive unemployment benefits. This certificate is issued by the employment service authorities at the place of residence of the caregiver;
• an extract from the certificate of examination of a disabled citizen, a citizen recognized as a disabled child under 18 years of age or disabled since childhood of group I, or a medical report recognizing a child under 18 years of age as disabled. An extract from the examination report is sent by the federal state institution of medical and social examination to the body that pays the pension;
• conclusion of a medical institution on the need of an elderly citizen (over 60 years of age for men and 55 years for women) for constant outside care;
• an identity document and work book of the caregiver, as well as the work book of a disabled citizen;
• permission (consent) of one of the parents (adoptive parent, trustee) and the guardianship authority to provide care for a student who has reached 14 years of age in his free time from study;
• certificate educational institution, confirming the fact of full-time education of the citizen providing care;
• documents confirming the authority of the legal representative of the person being cared for (certificate issued by the guardianship and trusteeship authority, and in its absence - the decision of the guardianship and trusteeship authority, adoption certificate, passport and other identification documents).

If the listed documents are in the pension file of the citizen being cared for, they do not need to be submitted.

If a disabled citizen, a disabled child or a group I disabled person since childhood is a recipient of pensions through the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and at the same time from the law enforcement agency, the caregiver has the right to apply to the place where he received any pension. In this case, you will need a certificate (information) about the non-assignment of compensation/monthly payment for the care of a disabled citizen, a disabled child or a disabled person from childhood of group I, which is issued by the body that pays the corresponding pension. For advice on submitting the necessary documents, you should contact the client service specialists of the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation or the pension service of the relevant law enforcement agency.

Application form for monthly/compensation payment

An application form for a disabled citizen, a group I disabled person since childhood, or a legal representative of a disabled child under 18 years of age for consent to be cared for by a specific person.

Appointment dates

A compensation or monthly payment is assigned from the month in which the citizen caring for it applied for its appointment with an application and all the necessary documents to the body that pays the pension to the citizen being cared for, but not earlier than the day the right to the specified payment arises. In this case, a compensation or monthly payment is made to the established disabled citizen, disabled child or disabled person since childhood of the first group pension and is carried out during the period of caring for him.

If circumstances arise that lead to the termination of the compensation/monthly payment, the citizen providing care is obliged to notify the body paying the pension to the citizen being cared for within five days.

Monthly cash payment in increased amounts of pensions and benefits

Non-working disabled people and disabled children permanently residing in areas exposed to radiation contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster are provided with a monthly cash payment in an increased amount of pensions and benefits. This payment is of a compensatory nature, since it is made only during the period of permanent residence in the territory of the corresponding zone, thus compensating for harm for the risk of living in an area subject to radioactive contamination.

When leaving for residence from one zone to another, as well as to “clean” areas, or when starting a job, the payment stops.

Monthly payments are established in fixed amounts, which depend on the time of residence in the specified zones from April 26, 1986 or from December 2, 1995, and are annually indexed based on the level of inflation.

To establish the payment, you must contact the territorial office of the Pension Fund at your place of residence.

Social servicerepresents the activities of social services regulated by the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" social support, providing social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, carrying out social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.

It is based on the principles:

targeting;

accessibility;

voluntariness;

humanity;

priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;

confidentiality;

preventative.

Social service activities are carried out within the framework of the state system of social services. This system consists of state enterprises and social service institutions, which are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Social services are also provided by enterprises and institutions of other forms of ownership and by citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities to provide social services to the population without forming a legal entity.

Clients of social services are citizens who are in difficult life situations and therefore need the provision of social services.

Under difficult life situationis understood as a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-care due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he does not can overcome on his own.

Social servicesare defined as actions to provide assistance to certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The legislation establishes the following forms of social services:

1. Material assistance - provided to citizens in difficult life situations in the form of cash, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothing, shoes and other essential items, fuel, as well as special vehicles, technical rehabilitation means for disabled people and people in need of care. The grounds and procedure for providing financial assistance are established by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. Social services at home - carried out by providing social services to citizens in need of permanent or temporary non-stationary social services. Single citizens and citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-care due to old age, illness, or disability are provided with assistance at home in the form of social, social and medical services and other assistance.

3. Social services in inpatient social service institutions - is carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and need constant outside care, and ensures the creation of living conditions appropriate to their age and health status, carrying out medical, psychological, social activities character, nutrition and care, as well as the organization of feasible work, rest and leisure.

4. Temporary shelter in a specialized social service institution - provided to orphans, children without parental care, neglected minors, children in difficult life situations, citizens without a specific place of residence and specific occupation, citizens who have suffered from physical or mental violence , natural disasters, as a result of armed and interethnic conflicts, other social service clients in need of temporary shelter.

5. Organization of daytime stay in social service institutions - social, social, medical and other services are provided to elderly citizens and disabled people who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement, as well as other persons, including minors, who are in difficult life situations.

6. Advisory assistance - in social service institutions, social service clients are provided with consultations on issues of social, social and medical support for life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, and social and legal protection.

7. Rehabilitation services - social services provide assistance in professional, social, psychological rehabilitation to disabled people, persons with disabilities, juvenile offenders, and other citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations and need rehabilitation services.

Social services can be provided by social services either free of charge or for a fee.

Social service institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, are:

1) comprehensive centers for social services for the population;

2) territorial centers for social assistance to families and children;

3) social service centers;

4) social rehabilitation centers for minors;

5) assistance centers for children left without parental care;

6) social shelters for children and adolescents;

7) centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population;

8) centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone;

9) social assistance centers (departments) at home;

10) night stay homes;

11) special homes for lonely elderly people;

12) other institutions providing social services.

Social services to the population, carried out in accordance with the standards established by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and financial support of social service institutions are expenditure obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

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